Ndeupi Mutungamiri Akasika Basa Rakawanda?

by Kimberly Amadeo

12 VaMutungamiri 'Mabasa Akasika Nhamba ne Perenti

Ndeupi mutungamiri akasika mabasa akawanda? Iwe unofanirwa kutarisa muzana pamwe chete nenhamba yose yemabasa yakagadzirwa kuenzanisa vatungamiri munguva. Zviri nyore kwazvo kuumba mabasa akawanda mazuva ano sezvo hupfumi hwakawanda. Semuenzaniso, paiva nevanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 143.1 vari kushanda muna 2015. Iko kanopfuura gumi kune mamiriyoni 31.5 akashandiswa muna 1939 (gore rokutanga rakanyorwa neBhood of Labor Statistics.)

Nezvo mupfungwa, Bill Clinton akasika huwandu hwemabasa (23.2 mamiriyoni) munguva yake. Barack Obama wechipiri, akasika mamiriyoni 17.2 mamiriyoni kubva pakutanga kusvikira pakuguma kweshoko rake. Asi Obama akasika mamiriyoni 22.3 emabasa kubva kunzvimbo yakaipisisa yeHarare Recession (munaJanuary 2010) kuburikidza nekumagumo kwegore rake. Urombo hwakaramba huchikwira kunyange mushure mekudarika kwemagumo kwapera muna July 2009. Izvozvo zvinowanzoitika. Mamwe makambani anoramba achidurura vashandi kunyange mushure mekunge hupfumi huchitendeuka. Vanoda kuve nechokwadi kuti kudarika kwemakore kwakanyatsopfuura vasati vatanga kuhaya zvakare.

Lyndon B. Johnson akawedzera mabasa akawanda muzana-akachenjera (20.7 muzana) mukati memashoko ake maviri. Franklin Roosevelt akasika huwandu huwandu-huchenjeri (32,7 muzana) kubva pakadzika kweHokuderera Kukuru . Asi, hazvina kunaka kushandisa izvi nokuti akanga ari muhofisi kwemashoko maviri.

Nhoroondo yemutungamiriri wenyika pakusikwa kwebasa inodaro pane zvebhizimisi . Somuenzaniso, avo vakagara nhaka yezvekuderera , saClinton, Obama, Reagan, Carter naLBJ, vakaita zviri nani pakusikwa kwebasa. Vakatanga nechitsiko chepasi, uye saka vakanga vasina nzvimbo yokuenda asi kumusoro. Izvo zvakasimudza kudzokera, zvakadai seBashes, Nixon, uye Eisenhower, zvakaipisisa.

Vatungamiri vane zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvekuita mabasa. Izvo zvakakosha maturusi ndezvokuita mari yakawanda , kunyanya kusakwana kwemari . Kushandiswa kwehurumende kunogona kushandisa vanhu zvakananga uye kuburikidza nekutengesa. Izvo zvinokurudzira hurumende kuti dzibhadhare kuburikidza nekutsvaga kukuru kune vatengi. Asi vatungamiri vose vanofanira kuva neC Congressional bajeti yemvumo vasati vashandisa.

Mutungamiri ane chimwe chinhu chakasiyana-siyana semutungamiri wenyika yekusununguka. Anokwanisa kukurudzira kuvimba kuburikidza nemuono unobata. Mutungamiri anokwanisa kutaura mharidzo inopesana nekusava nechokwadi nekusava nechokwadi kuchabudirira mukugadzira mabasa.

01 Bill Clinton (1993-2001)

Clinton akawedzera mamiriyoni 21,5 emabasa, uye 19,6 muzana inowedzera. Pakanga pane vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 131 vakashanda munaDecember 1999, kuguma kweshoko rake. Ndiyo mamiriyoni 21,5 akawanda kupfuura mamiriyoni 109.5 akashandiswa pakutanga kwekanguva.

Kusiyana nevatungamiri vakawanda, akaita izvi kuburikidza nemitemo yepasitori inopesana . Akatungamirira makore gumi nemasere ekuwedzera kwehupfumi pasina kuwedzera chikwereti. Akasika zvakasara, achideredza chikwereti ne $ 63 bhiriyoni. Mutemo Wake weOnibus Budget Reconciliation wa1993 wakakonzera mutero wepamusoro wepamusoro kubva pa28 kubva kune makumi matatu kusvika kuzana makumi matatu kubva kune makumi maviri kubva kuzana kubva kune vanowana mari yakawanda. Akawedzera huwandu hwemitero yehurumende kubva kune 34 muzana kusvika ku36 muzana. Akasika chikwereti chemari yebhadharo chemhuri yakaderera uye yakakonzera mutero wegesi ne $0043 pamaroni.

Panguva imwecheteyo, akachera kushandiswa kwemari. Vakagamuchira vaifanira kuwana mabasa mushure memakore maviri. Mazano ake akachera nhamba yehupenyu kuburikidza nehutatu kubva kune zvitatu, kusvika ku4,5 mamiriyoni, muna 2004. Clinton yakasika mazano gumi nemaviri ekugadzira mabasa .

02 Barack Obama (2009-2017)

Mutungamiri Obama akasika mamiriyoni 17.267 mamiriyoni ekupera kwaDisemba 2016, uye 12,8 kubva kuzana. Paiva nevane mamiriyoni 152.111 vakashanda pamagumo ekupedzisira. Iyo inofananidzwa nemamiriyoni 134,844 ari kushanda pakuguma kweBush Administration.

Asi izvozvo hazvisi kupa mufananidzo wose. Upfumi hwakarasikirwa nemamiriyoni 8.7 emabasa nekuda kwematambudziko emari muna 2008. Yakaramba ichitsvaira kusvikira munaJanuary 2010. Kubva ipapo iyo yakaderera, Obama akaita mamiriyoni 22.309 emamiriyoni, 17,2 muzana kuwedzera.

Obama akarwisa Great Recession neAmerican Recovery uye Reinvestment Act . Yakagadzira mabasa kuburikidza nemabasa evanhu. Mazhinji emabasa iwayo akanga ari mukuvaka. Izvozvo zvakabudirira kuderedza uwandu hwemabasa . Asi izvi zvaireva Obama akawedzera chikwereti ne $ 7,9 trillion, 67 peresenti inowedzera. Izvo zvakaendesa chikwereti kuGDP chiyero kusvika 104 muzana.

Izvo hazvina kukurudzira kudiwa zvakadai sekuumba nhamba imwechete yebhadharo yepamusoro-tech. Zvechokwadi, mabasa akaumbwa mushure mokunge mashomanana ekupedzisira akadzoka akonzera kuwedzera kwekusagamuchira mari , sezvo vashandi vakashanda zvakare vakave vachida kutora mabasa akabhadhara zvishoma. Iko yepamusoro yehurefu hwekushanda kwenguva refu uye isingabatsiri inoreva kuti chiitiko chaingoenderera mberi.

Zvisikwa zveJobho zvingadai zvakasimbiswa munguva yeB Obama apo Congress yakanga isingapfuuri magwaro . Mutevedzeri wake wokupedzisira weFOMC , Sachigaro weBurumende yeBurumende Ben Bernanke akataura kuti izvi zvinyorwa zvakasimba zvakamanikidza hurumende kukanda mabasa 600 000 mumakore mana. Mukupora kwakapfuura, hupfumi hwakawedzera mabasa 400 000 panguva imwe chete.

Obama anotsanangura nzira dzake dzekusika mabasa muHurumende yake yeUniversity Addresses uye American Jobs Act .

03 Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

Mutungamiri Ronald Reagan vakapinda Air Force One muna 1987. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library

Reagan yakawedzera mamiriyoni 15.9 emabasa panguva yemakore ake masere, chikamu che17,6 muzana. Pakanga pane vanhu vane mamiriyoni 106.9 vanoshanda munaDecember 1988 vachienzaniswa nemamiriyoni 91 munaDecember 1980.

Akapindura ku191 recession reReaganomics . Iyi yaiva mitemo yakawanda yehurumende yakabva pane zvekushandisa-economic economics . Reagan inotora mutengo wepamusoro wemutero kubva ku70 kubva kune 28 muzana. Akacherawo hurumende yemutero wepamusoro kubva ku48 kubva kune 34%. Akawedzera hurumende yekushandisa mari ne 2.5 muzana pagore. Mazano ake akawedzera chikwereti chacho. Nokuda kwezvimwe, munoona, Inofambisa-Inoshandiswa Kwemari Inoshanda Here? , uye Laffer Curve .

04 Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)

Mutungamiri Johnson ane musoja muVietnam. Yoichi Okamoto weLBJ mabhuku.

Johnson akawedzera mabasa 11.9 mamiriyoni kune mamiriyoni 57.36 akashandiswa munaDisemba 1963. Ndiyo 20,7 muzana inowedzera.

LBJ akapedza pazvirongwa zvehupfumi, zvakadai seMedare, Medicaid, uye Hondo yeUrombo. Izvozvo zvakawedzera chikwereti ne13 muzana. Nenguva yaakasiya hofisi, hupfumi hwakanga huchikura hwakakura 4.9 muzana. Izvozvo zvakagadzira 4.7 kubva muzana kubva mukutengesa kwenyika.

05 Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)

Roosevelt akawedzera mamiriyoni 10,3 emamiriyoni, 32.7 muzana inowedzera pamusoro pevashandi vane mamiriyoni 31.5 kubva muna 1939. (Icho chiri kumashure sezvakaitwa nhamba dzemabasa.) Izvi zvakaitika mushure mekunge akasika New Deal kuti apedze Kuora Kwekukuru . FDR yakavakawo hupfumi kupinda muHondo Yenyika II.

06 Richard Nixon (1969-1974)

Nixon yakawedzera mabasa 8.8 mamiriyoni kune vashandi vemamiriyoni 69.246 pamugumo weJohnson Administration. Ndiyo 12,7 muzana inowedzera.

Akatanga kutungamira hupfumi huri kukura. Vanhu veAmerica vanopemberera nekuendesa zvimwe zvinhu. Sezvavakanga vachibhadhara madhora, vatorwa vakatanga kuvadzikinura ivo negoridhe. Chibvumirano cheBretton Woods chakavimbisa imwe yegoridhe yemadhora makumi matatu nemakumi matatu. IUnited States yaisagona kudzikinura $ 45.7 mabhiriyoni munyika yose, sezvo yakabata $ 14,5 mabhiriyoni mugoridhe. Sangano reHeral Reserve rakasimudza chikwereti chekuda kuchengetedza chiyero chegoridhe, asi icho chakaumba 1970 kutsika.

Nixon akarayira kuti mazuva makumi mapfumbamwe apedze muhomwe nemitengo, izvo zvikawedzera kupera. Akakurumidza kusiya tsika yegoridhe zvakakwana . Izvozvo zvakagadzira huwandu huwandu huwandu hwemazana, sezvo huwandu hwemadhora hwakakwira kusvika ku $ 120 pamusi wegoridhe.

Nixon akakundazve musarudzo, asi zviito zvake zvakasimbisa nyika ye193, pamwe nekaviri-digit inflation. Iyo mamiriro ayo anonzi stagflation. Nixon akasarudza musi waAugust 8, 1974, nemhaka yezvakaipa zveMvuragate.

07 Harry Truman (1945-1953)

Truman yakawedzera mabasa 8.3 mamiriyoni, 19,8 muzana inowedzera. Akawedzera $ 7 mabhiriyoni kune chikwereti kurwisana nevekudzoka kwemaviri. Kuguma kweHondo Yenyika II kwakakonzera kufambisa kwema1945, kwakapararira muna 1949.

08 Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961)

Eisenhower akawedzera mamiriyoni 3.6 emabasa, 7.1 muzana kuwedzera. Akawedzera chikwereti ne 9 muzana, kana $ 23 bhiriyoni, kurwisana nheyo mbiri. Kuguma kweHondo yeKorea kwakakonzera kufambira mberi kwe1933. Nhamba yepamusoro yemari yakakonzera kufambira mberi kwe19757.

Chikamu chekubudirira kwaEisenhower nekugadzirwa kwemabasa kwakabva pakusika kwake Interstate Highway System. Akashandisa $ 25 biliyoni kuvaka makiromita 41 000 emugwagwa.

Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti basa rekuvaka kwevanhu nderimwe remashandisirwo akanakisisa ehurumende yemari yekuumba mabasa. Bhiriyoni rimwe remadhora anoshandiswa pamatokari evanhu anovaka 19,795 mabasa ekuvaka. Ndiyo kusarudzwa kwehutano hwehutano kupfuura kukodzwa kwemitero, iyo inongogadzira mabasa 10,779 pamutengo mumwe chete.

09 John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)

Kennedy akawedzera mamiriyoni 3.6 emabasa, 6.7 kubva muzana. Kutaura kwake kwekutanga kwakagadzira chivimbo. Akabvumirana kusakwana kwemari , achiwedzera chikwereti ne8,6 muzana. Akasimudza mari shoma, akavandudza hutano hweHuman Security, uye akapfuura musha wekuvandudza purogiramu. Izvozvo zvakaguma kubudirira kwema1960 yaakagara nhaka kubva kuEisenhower.

10 George W. Bush (2001-2009)

Mutungamiri Bush akaumba mamiriyoni maviri emabasa munguva yegore remakore masere. Ndizvo zvaakakonzera nekutora maviri. Akarasikirwa nemamiriyoni 3.6 mamiriyoni muna 2008, gore rake rekupedzisira muhofisi. Basa rakawanikwa raive risati rasvika, sezvo akadzoka kubva muna 2001 recession . Akabvuma kwairi nekutsvaga kwekutsvaga uye kubudiswa kwemutengo weBush . Hapana yeiyi ndiyo nzira dzakanakisisa dzekuita mabasa. Akabatsirwa nehuwandu hwechikwereti kubva kuAlan Greenspan's policy flow expense .

11 Vatungamiri Vemamwe-Gumi

Vatungamiri avo vaishanda rimwechete rimwe chete vaiva nenguva shoma yekuumba mabasa.

George HW Bush (1989-1993) akawedzera mamiriyoni 2,6 emabasa, 17,6 muzana kuwedzera. Akawedzera $ 1.5 triliyoni kune chikwereti, 54 peresenti inowedzera.

Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) akawedzera mamiriyoni 10,5 emabasa, 13 muzana kuwedzera. Akaita izvi nokuwedzera $ 299 mabhiriyoni kumadhora emadhora madhora mazana matanhatu nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu, 43 kubva muzana.

Gerald Ford (1974-1977) akawedzera mamiriyoni 2,4 emabasa, 3.1 peresenti inowedzera. Akagara nhaka yekutengesa kwema193 kubva kuMutungamiri Nixon. Akawedzera $ 224 mabhiriyoni mukwereti yeUnited States, iyo yaive yakawedzera 47 muzana.

12 Methodology

Nhamba idzi dzinotorwa kubva kuongororo yeimba inowanikwa neBhood of Labor Statistics. Inoyera nhamba yevanhu vakashandiswa. Icho chinosanganisira vanhu vanozvishanda, vashandi vomumhuri yega, uye avo venguva pfupi pazororo risina kubhadharwa.

Iwe unogona kuonawo zvitubu zvinoshandisa dare risina ruzivo rekuongorora bhizinesi rebhizimisi, rakabatanidzwa neBusiness of Labor Statistics. Iyo haina kusanganisira vanozvishandira kana vashandi vemapurazi. Inotora avo vari pasi pezera remakore gumi nematanhatu. Inotorawo munhu anobata mabasa maviri sevanhu vaviri vakashanda. (Kubva: "Employment Situation Technical Note," Bureau of Labor Statistics.)