Overeducated and Underemployed: Ndinokutendai, Dzorerai
Kuonekwa kusina basa kunosanganisira vashandi vari kushanda maawa mashomanana kupfuura zvavanoita mumunda wavo. Vanoda uye vanogona kushanda maawa akawanda, asi havagoni kuwana basa renguva yakazara. Vanowanzoshanda mabasa maviri-rimwe-nguva, kuti vawane zvigaro.
Basa risingaoneki rekushanda rinosanganisira vashandi mubasa renguva yakazara vasingashandisi unyanzvi hwavo hwose. Zvinoda kuongorora kwakakura kunoenzanisa unyanzvi hwevashandi nehutano hwemabasa. Vashandi kazhinji havazivi kuti unyanzvi hwavo hunogona kushandiswa zviri nani kune imwe nzvimbo. (Kubva: "Underemployment," Glossary yeChechi yeUnited Economic Cooperation and Development .)
Kune rimwe chikwata chekusava nemabasa chinowira mune nhamba dzisina munhu wenyika. Kunyange zvazvo vasina basa, havaverengwi pakati pevasina basa neU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Kuregererei? Iyo BLS inosanganisira avo vakatsvaka basa mumavhiki mana apfuura.
Panzvimbo pezvo, BLS inovadana kuti "zvinyorwa zvakabatanidzwa kuvashandi ." Vakatsvaga basa rimwe nguva mukati megore rapera, vangada kushanda, uye varipo. Muchikamu ichocho, pane boka-reboka rakangobva kurega kutsvaka basa zvachose.
I BLS inovadana " vakaora mwoyo vashandi ." Izvowo hazvibatsiri.
Underemployment inosanganisira avo vanoshanda nguva yakazara asi vanorarama pasi pehurombo. Izvi zvinopesana naPaul Osterman, mutungamiri mukuru weMIT Sloan Institute for Work and Employment Research. Iyi nhengo inozivikanwawo se "kushanda varombo." Maererano naOsterman, "Musika wevashandi hausi kugovera vaAmerica izvo zvinofanira kunge zviri kuunza." Iyi tsanangudzo yekusashanda kwemabasa inosanganisira munhu wese anoita zvishoma kudarika $ 10.50 neawa.
(Inobva: "Zvikamu zveNyika Dzakapfuurira Kuramba Zvichikura," US News uye World Report, Gumiguru 19, 2011.)
Zvinokonzera
Kusava nematambudziko uye kusagadzikana kwemabasa kunokonzera kushandiswa kwemabasa pamwe chete. Apo vashandi vanopfuura mabasa, vanozotora chero chavanogona kuwana kuti vabhadhara mari.
Shanduko yezvigadzirwa zvezvemagetsi inokonzera kusava nemabasa. Semuenzaniso, mishonga yeATM yakatsiva kudiwa kwevatengi vakawanda vebhangi. Izvi zvaiwanzova nzvimbo dzekupinda-yepamusoro yebasa mune zvemari nemabhengi. Somugumisiro, vazhinji vekoroji varairi avo vaiva vashandi vezvemari vakatora zvavanogona. Vanomuka semuviri wehutano, vamiririri kana vanotyairi vemotokari. Aya mahofisi haasi nyore nyore kushandiswa nekombiyuta yekombiyuta (Mhedziso: "1 mu 2 Chikoro Chevakapedza Chikoro Vasina Kushanda kana Kusarudzwa," Care2.com, April 22, 2012.)
Migumisiro
Migumisiro yekusashanda kwemabasa yakafanana neyekushaya basa. Chokutanga, zvose zvinokonzera hurombo hwakanyanya . Pasina mari yakakwana, mhuri haitengi zvakanyanya. Izvozvo zvinoderedza kushambadzira kwevatengi, kunonoka kukura kwebhizimisi. Somugumisiro, chibereko chakanyanya chemukati chemhuri chakaderera, sekuwedzera kwebasa. Icho chinotyisa, ichidzika pasi.
Kana kusasarudzwa kwebasa kuchienderera mberi, vashandi vanorasikirwa nekodzero yekuvandudza unyanzvi hwavo ne-ye-basa yekudzidzira.
Vangave vasina kukwanisa kudzokera kumunda wavo wekare vasina kudzidziswa. Vamwe vanodzorera kune dzimwe nyika. Vamwe vanoderedza mararamiro avo uye vanobvuma kusagadzikana kwenguva refu. Izvo zvinoumba kusagadzikana kwemabasa .
Vechidiki vanogona kuwana kuti havazombotanga kutanga basa ravo. Vanomanikidzwa kutora mabasa ari pasi peunyanzvi hwavo, havakwanisi kufamba munzira yakarurama. Vanoshaya kurairirwa kunodiwa kuti vawedzere mutoro unogona kuvandudza unyanzvi hwavo. Nenguva yekuderera kwekugumira, ivo vari kukwikwidzana nebatanidzwa hutsva hwevakapedza kudzidza kupinda munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzekupinda muminda yavo.
Mune zviitiko zvakanyanya, kusakwanisa kushandiswa kwevechidiki kunogona kutungamirira kumhirizhonga yehurumende uye chisimba. Muna 2012, chechina chechina chevaduku vose kuMiddle East chakanga chisina basa. Icho chaiva chimwe chezvikonzero zveArab Spring. (Chinyorwa: "Ushayi Hwechidiki Kuramba Wakakwirira," FT.com, Chivabvu 21, 2012.)
Underemployment Rate
Iyo BLS inoti haina kukoshesa kushandiswa kwemabasa, sezvo yakaoma zvikuru. Asi inoenzanisa chimwe chinhu chekusaona basa risingaoneki. Ndiyo chikamu Chikamu-nguva yeZvinhu Zvoupfumi mu "Employment Situation Summary Table A. Musha data, nguva yakatarwa" mushumo. Inoparadzira vashandi venguva-nguva nokuti vanogona kungowana basa rekushanda kwenguva.
Iyo BLS inoshuma dzimwe, tsanangudzo dzakawanda dzekusava nemabasa. Heino mazita.
U-3. Kushanda kusashanda, sezana remazana evashandi vehurumende. Onai ikozvino Official Unemployment Rate .
U-4. Vose vasingashandi pamwe chete nevashandi vakaora mwoyo, sezana rezana revarindi vehurumende pamwe nevashandi vakaora mwoyo.
U-5. Kushanda kusashanda, pamwe chete nevashandi vakaora mwoyo, pamwe chete nevamwe vanhu vose vanobatanidzwa nechemberi kwebasa revanhu, sezana rezana revanhu vanoita zvechisimba pamwe nevanhu vose vanobatanidzwa nechemberi kune vashandi.
U-6. Kushanda kusashanda, pamwe chete nevanhu vose vanobatanidzwa pamwe chete nebasa revaranda, pamwe chete zvakashandiswa nguva imwe chete nokuda kwezvikonzero zvehupfumi, sezana rezana rehurumende rinoshanda pamwe chete nevanhu vose vanobatanidzwa nechemberi kune vashandi. Onai ikozvino kushaya kwehuwandu hwemabasa . (Kubva: "Tafura A15. Mimwe Mimwe Miitiro Yebasa Rokushanda," BLS. ")
Overeducated and Underemployed
Uwandu hwemabasa hunova nemigumisiro yakaipisisa kune avo vane chujiji kana kuti apedza kudzidza. A 2012 Gallup yatsvaga yakakumbira kushandiswa zvisina basa (iyo yaisanganisira kusashanda muongororo) kuverenga kana vaifunga kuti vari kubudirira kana kwete. Kungoita zvishoma kudarika hafu yevasina kushandiswa vakati vaive, vachienzaniswa nevanenge makumi manomwe kubva muzana yevakashanda pamwe navo. Paiva nenhamba yegumi nemasere.
Pakati pevaya vane diploma yekusekondari kana kuti vashoma, 41 chete chete ivo vakati vakanga vari kubudirira. Asi izvi zvaingova gumi chete zvishoma kudarika avo vaishanda navo. Kuwedzerwa kwemabasa kune simba guru mukugutsikana kwehupenyu kune vakadzidza kupfuura vasina kudzidza. (Kubva: "Kunyanya kushanda kune Vadzidzi veAmerica Vakadzidza," Gallup Wellbeing, Gumiguru 29, 2011.)