Chikonzero Nei Uri Kushanda Nesimba Asi Unzwe Sezvaunenge Wachiwana Zvishoma
Mabhizimisi anotsvaga kubereka mune zvigadzirwa, kushandiswa uye kutengesa kunatsiridza pasi. Hurumende dzinoshandisa zvibereko zvekuongorora kuti mitemo, mitero nemimwe mitemo inowedzera kana kudzivirira kukura kwebhizimisi.
Central mabhandi anofungisisa hutano kuti aone kuti hupfumi huri kushandisa sei huwandu hwenyanzvi. Kana zvibereko zviri pasi, saka hupfumi huri mumatambudziko. Kana ruzivo rwekushandisa ruzhinji, saka hupfumi hunogona kunge huri panjodzi yekuderera. Nokuda kwezvikonzero izvi, kuwedzera kukura kunoda. (Kubva: " Kujekesa uye Kuyera Kubudirira ," OECD.)
Nzira Yokuverenga Sei Kubudirira
Kubudirira kune chiyero chinorondedzera zvakabuda zvakapatsanurwa nemupiro, kana Productiv = Kubuda / Input . Iwe unogona kuwedzera kubudirira kana kuwedzerwa maitiro kana kuderedza mavo.
Chiyero chinoshandiswa kakawanda chinoshandiswa kuenzanisa kubereka kwebasa munyika. Inotarwa seBruit Productivity = Dzimba Dzimba Dzakawanda / Maawa Akashanda. The Bureau of Labor Statistics inongedza maawa anoshandiswa nevashandi, vadzidzisi, nevashandi vomumhuri vasingabhadharwi. Inoshandisawo rondedzero yeGDP uye maawa anoshandiswa. (Chinobva: BLS, Chizivo Chekwenyanzvi Pamusoro Pemaitiro Ekubhidzira Kwebasa, March 11, 2008)
Muna 1994, mubayiro weNobel-mukundi Paul Krugman akafupikisa maonero ezvemari pamusoro pekukosha kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekubudirira:
Kubudirira hakusi zvinhu zvose, asi pakupedzisira inenge zvose. Kukwanisa kwenyika yekuvandudza mararamiro ehupenyu maererano nenguva kunotsvaga zvachose pamusana pekukwanisa kwayo kukwidziridza zvakabuda kune mumwe mushandi. Nguva Yokuderedza Kutarisira
US Maitiro Okugadzira
Kubudirira kwaive kwakasimba kubva kuHondo yeVanhu kusvikira muna 1973, kuenzana pakati pe2 kusvika ku3 muzana. Ikoko kwakanga kune matatu matatu okukura.
Pakati pe1870 ne1900, kuwedzera kwekubereka kwakawedzera 2 muzana pagore. Izvo zvaive nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehupenyu hutariro hwakabvumira vashandi kuti vararame nguva refu. Technology, dzakadai sezvikepe, telegrafu uye injini inopisa inopisa, yakabatsirawo vashandi kupa zvizhinji.
Mumakore ekuma1920 nema1930, kubereka kwakawedzera 2 kusvika ku3 muzana gore negore. Zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa mumagetsi ekuberekwa, mukati memoto inopisa uye inotengesa. Pakanga pane matsva emakemikari epirosikiti, kusanganisira manyowa ezvekurima, plastiki nemishonga. Mumakore ekuma1920, kubudirira kubudirira mukutengesa zvikamu zvishanu kubva pagore.
Pakati pe1940s na1973, kukura kwakaramba kuripo. Kubudirira kwekubudirira kwaiva 1.5 kubva muzana kusvika 2 muzana gore sezvizivo zvakapararira munyika yose. Kusiyana nemafungiro evanhu vakawanda, kuedza kweHondo Yenyika II hakuna kuwedzera kubudirira mune chimwe chinhu kunze kwekurapa.
Kubudirira kwakadzikira kusvika panguva ya 1995 kusvika muna 2004. Ndiyo apo yakawedzera pakati pe1 muzana uye 1.5 muzana nekuda kwekombiyuta yemashoko. (Chinobva: " Kuwanda kweChese Factor Kukura Mukuona Kwepfungwa ," Congressional Budget Office, March 2013.)
Kubva muna 2007 kusvikira muna 2012, kubereka kwaive kwakagadzirwa ne8,8 muzana, sevashandi vasina kubviswa panguva yekuderera kwaitofanira kuwedzera. (Kubva: "Kubudirira muZvibasa-Farm Farm Sector, 1947 - 2012," Bureau of Labor Statistics.)
Kubudirira mune chikamu chechipiri che 2016 ne 0.5 muzana gore rose. Ndiyo nokuti yakabuda yakawedzera 1.5 muzana, asi maawa akashanda akawedzera 1.8 muzana. Izvozvo zvakakonzerwa nekuderera kwekugadzirwa kwemafuta, kunyanya shale mafuta. Sezvo mutengo wakawira muna 2015 na2016, makambani akadzikisa vashandi. Izvo zvakaderedza kuburitswa kwegadziriro yese nokuti iyo mabhizimisi inenge inenge kaviri nehafu inobereka zvibereko kupfuura yehuwandu hwemabasa. Izvo zvichienderana nekudzidza kwaApril 2016 kubva ku Federal Federal Bank yeKansas City. (Ikoko: "Nei Chibereko Chakakwira?" The Wall Street Journal, August 9, 2016. "Kubudirira," Bureau of Labor Statistics .)
Mari Inenge Isina Kumiswa
Chimwe chinhu chakaitika mukubudirira muAmerica iyo yakaisunungura kubva pakukura kwehupenyu. Dambudziko rezvemari ra2008 rakawedzera chiitiko ichi. Pakati pe2000 ne2012, vega veimba vakarasika 6.6 muzana mumari mushure mokunge kutengesa kwezvinhu kwakatorwa. Ivhareji yemari yemhuri yemhuri yaiva $ 51,371 gore mugore ra2012, richienzaniswa ne $ 55,030 muna 2000. Dhipatimendi reBashandi rakataura kuti kunyatsobhadharwa kwakakwana kwakawedzera 0.3 muzana muna 2013. Nokuwedzera, tarisai US Average Revenue Income Levels. (Inobva: "Bhuku reKushanda Kwebasa," Wells Fargo, Q3 2013. "Mharidzo Yechokwadi Yakawanikwa," BLS.)
Sezvo huwandu hwekuwedzera hwakawedzera hahuna kushandura kuwedzera kwakaenzana kwehupenyu hwevashandi hwehupenyu. Pane kudaro, yakaenda kuvaridzi veguta guru. Imari yekambani yakasvika nguva yose yakakwirira muna 2013. Vaiva 12.53 muzana yeGDP kubva ku7 muzana mugore ra2000. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti makambani akawana ruzivo rwakakura rwekubuda, asi vashandi vakagamuchira chiduku chiduku. Nokuda kwezvakawanda, ona Kuwanikwa Kwemaonero muAmerica . (Kubva: "Makambani eZvinhu Pose-Time High," Econo, Svondo 26, 2013.)
Remborera Robots Nevatorwa Vokune dzimwe nyika
Chimwe chikonzero mari haisati yakwira nokuti kukosha kwakanyanya hakusi kutungamirira kune mamwe mabasa, sezvakaitwa kusvikira muna 2000. Kuwedzera kwebasa kwave kuripo kubva ipapo. Izvi zvakamanikidza vashandi kugamuchira mibairo yakaderera kuti vachengete mabasa avo.
Chimwe chikonzero cheizvi ndechekuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwezvikwata uye maindasitiri ebasa. Vanyori vave vakatsiviwa nemakombiyuta, mabhengi vanotaura nezveATM, uye mabhuku mabhuku. Basa rinowedzera nokukurumidza ikozvino muhuwandu hwekugadzira uye kushandiswa kwemakombiyuta. Kunyangwe mune zvinyorwa, mabhobhoti akatsiva vashandi, sezvo mabhoti 320 000 akatengwa kubva muna 2011. (Chinyorwa: "Kushandiswa Kwekombiyuta Kupi Kwemabasa," MIT Technology Review, Gumiguru 19, 2013.)
Kufuridzirwa kwevashandi veAmerica kubvuma mari shoma, kana kutarisa mabasa aya kuenda kuvashandi vokune imwe nyika. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuhupenyu huri pasi hweUnited States sezvo mubhadharo wakaenzana. Mukuwedzera, vashandi veUnited States vave vashoma kukunda, vachiwedzera kumanikidzwa kubvuma mibairo yakaderera. Ona US Inorasikirwa neCompetitive Edge .
China , India nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzinotengesa mabhizimusi dzinokwanisa kubhadhara zvinhu zvisingabhadhari nekubhadhara mibairo yakaderera. Izvi ndezvokuti China ine mararamiro ezasi, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinodhura zvishoma, saka makambani anokwanisa kubhadhara zvishomanana. Ona Purchasing Power Parity .
Somugumisiro, makambani eUnited States anogona kungopa kupa mari shoma kune vashandi veUnited States kana vachizokwikwidza kumakambani aya. Kana makambani eUnited States asingakwanisi kuwana mubhadharo wakakwana, vashandi vane unyanzvi muUnited States, vanofanira kutora mabasa aya kune dzimwe nyika kana kuti kunze kwebhizimisi.