A kutarisa iyo semi-metal silicon
Silicon metal isimbi yakasvibiswa uye yakasvibisa semi-conductive metal iyo inoshandiswa kugadzira masimbi, masero ezuva, uye microchips.
Silicon ndiyo yechipiri inonyanya kukosha muhutumbi hwepasi (shure kweiyo chete oxygen) uye yechisere yezvinhu zvinowanikwa muzvinhu zvose. Ichokwadi, inenge makumi matatu kubva muzana yehuremu hwekukwirira kwenyika inogona kunzi ye silicon.
The element with atomic number 14 naturally occurs in silicate minerals, kusanganisira silika, feldspar, uye mica, izvo zvikamu zvakakura zvemasango akafanana se quartz uye sandstone.
A semi-metal (kana metalloid ), silicon ine zvimwe zvezvinhu zvose zvesimbi uye zvisiri zvesimbi.
Kufanana nemvura - asi kusiyana nematanda akawanda - michina yesilicon mumvura yaro irimo uye inowedzera sezvo ichikwanise. Iyo ine yakakwirira yakanyunguduka uye inopisa, uye apo kristallisi inoumba dhamoni cubic crystal structure.
Chinokosha kumushandi wesilicon se semiconductor uye kushandiswa kwayo mune zvemagetsi ndiyo inomic atomic structure, iyo inosanganisira magetsi mana emagetsi anobvumira silicon kuti isungane nezvimwe zvikamu nyore nyore.
Properties:
- Atomic Symbol: Si
- Atomic Number: 14
- Element Category: Metalloid
- Kuwandisa: 2.329g / cm3
- Melting Point: 2577 ° F (1414 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 5909 ° F (3265 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 7
Nhoroondo:
Mutori wemakemikari wokuSweden Jons Jacob Berzerlius anonzi ndiye akaisa sliconi yekutanga pa1823. Berzerlius akazadzisa izvi nekupisa moto metallic potassium (iyo yakanga ichingopararira makore gumi zvisati yapfuura) mu crucible pamwe ne potassium fluorosilicate.
Mugumisiro wacho waiva amorphous silicon.
Kuita kristalline silicon, zvakadaro, inoda nguva yakawanda. Sero rekugadzirwa kwe electrolytic ye crystalline silicon haigone kuitwa kune mamwe makumi matatu emakore.
Kutanga kushandiswa kushandiswa kwesilicon kwaiva nenzira ye ferrosilicon.
Zvitevera Henry Bessemer's modern-day emakambani ekugadzira mashizha mukati mezana remakore rechi19, pakanga paine kufarira kukuru mune zvicherwa zvesimbi uye nekutsvakurudza mune zvekugadzira mashizha.
Nenguva yekutanga yekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi e ferrosilicon muma1880, kukosha kwesilicon mukuvandudza ductility muharura yesimbi uye deoxidizing steel yakanga yakanyatsonzwisiswa.
Kubudirira kwekutanga kwe ferrosilicon kwakaitwa mumhepo inopisa nekuderedza maoriki ane-charcoal, izvo zvakaguma nehuvha yenguruve yesimbi, ferrosilicon uye kusvika 20 muzana yetilicon content.
Kuburikidza kwezvivako zvegetsi zvegetsi pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 hazvina kubvumira kwete zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvesimbi , asiwo huwandu hwekugadzira michero.
Muna 1903, boka rakanyanyogadzirwa mukugadzira ferroalloy (Compagnie Generate d'Electrochimie) rakatanga kushanda muGermany, France neAustria uye, muna 1907, yekutanga yekutengesa silicon plant muU.S. yakatangwa.
Shandisi yakanga isiri iyo chete yekushandiswa kwema-silicon michina yakashambadzirwa kusati kwapera kwezana remakore rechi19.
Kuti abudise madhaimani ekugadzira muna 1890, Edward Goodrich Acheson akatsisa aluminium silicate nehupfuu coke uye akangoerekana abudiswa silicon carbide (SiC).
Makore matatu gare gare Acheson akanga ane kodzero yemagetsi ekugadzirwa kwake uye akateya Carborundum Company (carborundum iri zita rinowanzoitirwa silicon carbide panguva iyoyo) nechinangwa chokugadzira uye kutengesa zvinhu zvinoparadza.
Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi20, silicon carbide ye conductive properties yakanga yave yakazadzika, uye chigadzirwa chacho chakashandiswa semuchina mumairaira ekutanga. Ipa patent ye silicon crystal detectors yakapiwa GW Pickard muna 1906.
Muna 1907, chiedza chekutanga chinonzi emitting diode (LED) chakasikwa kuburikidza kushandisa voltage kune silicon carbide crystal.
Kupera kwema1930s kushandiswa kwesilicon kwakakura nekubudirira kwemishonga yemakemikari matsva, kusanganisira silanes uye silicones.
Kukura kwemakombiyuta pamusoro pezana remakore rapfuura kwave kusina kunyatsobatanidzwa nesilicon uye yakasiyana neyezvinhu.
Kunyange zvazvo kusikwa kwekutanga-shanduka-yezvigadziri kumakwikwi emazuva ano-muma1940s aivimba ne germanium , yakanga isiri nguva refu silicon ikatora sedhiyo yechipinini yayo sechigarire che substrate semiconductor.
Bell Labs neTexas Instruments vakatanga kutengeserana kutengesa sasilic-based transistors muna 1954.
Yokutanga silicon yakawedzerwa mativikiti akaitwa muma1960 uye, nemakore ekuma1970, prosikiti-ine veseji yakagadzirwa.
Tichifunga kuti iyo silicon-based semiconductor teknolojia inoumba rutivi rwemazuva ano emagetsi nemakombiyuta, haifaniri kushamisika kuti tinotarisa kubato rebasa rekushanda iyi se 'Silicon Valley.'
(Kuti uone zvakadzama nhoroondo uye kubudirira kweSilicon Valley uye microchip teknolojia, ndinonyatsorumbidza bhuku reAmerican Experience rinonzi Silicon Valley).
Pasina nguva mushure mekuzarura chekutanga, basa reBell Labs neyasilicon zvakatungamirira kune yechipiri chikuru kubudirira muna 1954: Yokutanga silicon photovoltaic (solar) cell.
Izvi zvisati zvaitika, pfungwa yekubatanidza simba kubva kune zuva kusika simba pasi pano yaitenda kuti haigoneki nevakawanda. Asi makore mana chete gare gare, muna 1958, yekutanga shanduro yakakonzerwa neaslicon solar masero yakanga iri kutenderera pasi.
Pakazosvika makore makumi manomwe, zvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi zvekushanda kwezuva zvakakwira kune zvese zvepasi zvakadai sekugonesa kwemafuta-rigs neyekufambisa kwezvitima.
Mumakumi maviri emakore adarika, kushandiswa kwemhepo yezuva kwakakura zvishoma nezvishoma. Nhasi, silicon-based photovoltaic technologies inotora 90 muzana yemusika wepasi rese wemazuva.
Kugadzirwa:
Ruzhinji rwesilicon rinonatswa gore negore - inenge 80 muzana - rinobudiswa se ferrosilicon kuti rishandiswe mune iron neyesimbi. Ferrosilicon inogona kuva nemapakati pakati pe15 ne90 muzana silicon zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zve smelter.
Iyo yimbi yesimbi uye silicon inobudiswa uchishandiswa nevira rinokonzerwa nemagetsi echitsvuku kuburikidza nekuderedza kusviba. Silica yakawanda ore uye kabhoni yakadai sedhavha yengarava (metallurgical coal) inopwanyika uye inotorwa muvira uye pamwe nesimbi yakagadzirwa.
Pachando chakasviba kupfuura 1900 ° C (3450 ° F), carbon inogadzikana nemhepo inowanika muawa, ichiumba carbon monoxide gas. Simbi yakasara uye silicon, panguva iyo, zvino unobatanidza kugadzira ferrosilicon yakanyungudutswa, iyo inogona kuunganidzwa nekukanda hwaro hwevira.
Kana imwe yakanyoroveswa uye yakaoma, ferrosilicon inogona kutumirwa uye inoshandiswa zvakananga mumatare nesimbi yekugadzira.
Izvochete nzira, kunze kwekuiswa kwesimbi, inoshandiswa kubudisa metallurgical grade silicon iyo inopfuura 99 muzana yakachena. Metallurgical silicon inoshandiswawo mune steel steel smelting, pamwe chete nekugadzira aluminium cast alloys uye silane chemikemikari.
Metallurgical silicon inorongedzwa nekusvibiswa kwematanda, aluminium , uye calcium iripo mualloy. Semuenzaniso, 553 silicon yesimbi ine zvishoma pane 0.5 muzana yega imwe yesimbi uye aluminium, uye pasi pe 0.3 muzana calcium.
Inenge mamiriyoni 8 ematric tononi e ferrosilicon inobudiswa gore roga roga pasi rose, neChina kubhadhara kwemapfumbamwe makumi manomwe kubva muzana. Vagadziri vakakura vanosanganisira Erdos Metallurgy Group, Ningxia Rongsheng Ferroalloy, Gwaro OM Zvimwe zvinhu uye Elkem.
Imwe mamiriyoni maviri nemamiriyoni ematanhatu emaslicurgic silicon - kana anenge 20 muzana yezvose zvakanatswa silicon metal - inogadzirwa gore negore. China, zvakare, inokwana anenge makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana zveizvi.
Chishamiso kune vazhinji ndechekuti mahara uye magetsi emakero esilicon account yezana shoma (pasi peviri kubva muzana) yezvose zvakanatswa silicon yakagadzirwa.
Kuvandudza kusvika kune gorosi-gorosi silicon metal (polysilicon), kuchena kunofanira kuwedzera kusvika kunopfuura 99.9999% (6N) yakachena silicon. Izvi zvinoitwa nenzira imwe yevatatu nzira, iyo inowanzova iyo yekuita Siemens.
Iyo Siemens Process inosanganisira makemikari emhepo inokonzera gasi inotyisa inozivikanwa sa trichlorosilane. Pana 1150 ° C (2102 ° F) trichlorosilane inoputirwa pamusoro pekuchenesa mbeu ye-silicon yakagadzirwa pamucheto wetsvimbo. Sezvo ichipfuura, kuchena kwakanyanya silicon kubva mumhepo kunoshandiswa pambeu.
Mvura yakasvibiswa yemubhedha (FBR) uye yakasimudzirwa metallurgical grade (UMG) teknolojia yekasiki inoshandiswawo kusimbisa simbi ku polysilicon yakafanirwa nekambani ye photovoltaic.
230 000 mamita ematric eti polysilicon yakabudiswa muna 2013. Vatungamiri vatungamiri vanosanganisira GCL Poly, Wacker-Chemie, uye OCI.
Pakupedzisira, kuita michina yekombiyuta yekisikiti yakakodzera semiconductor yemhizha nemamwe mapikicha e-photovoltaic, polysilicon inofanira kushandurwa ku-ultra-clean silicon ye monocrystal kuburikidza neCzochralski.
Kuti uite izvi, iyo polysilicon inonyungudutswa mu crucible pa 1425 ° C (2597 ° F) mumhepo yakadzika. Tsvimbo yakakonzerwa nekristini yakasvibiswa musimbi yakanyungudutswa uye yakashandura zvishoma nezvishoma uye yakabviswa, ichipa nguva yekuti silicon ikure pane mbeu.
Chigadzirwa chinokonzerwa ihurukuro (kana bhero) yekristal imwe silicon simbi inogona kuva yakakwirira se 99.999999999 (11N) yepachena yakachena. Iyi tsvimbo inogona kunyoreswa ne boron kana phosphorus sezvinodiwa kuti tishandise zvinyorwa zvemagetsi sezvinodiwa.
Iko monocrystal tsvimbo inogona kutumirwa kune vatengi seyo, kana kuti yakanyatsoiswa mukati mezvigunwe uye yakaputika kana yakagadzirirwa kune vamwe vanoshandisa.
Applications:
Kunyange zvazvo mamiriyoni gumi emamiriyoni ematriconi e-ferrosilicon uye silicon metal yakanatswa gore roga roga, ruzhinji rwesilicon rinoshandiswa mune zvekutengeserana chaizvoizvo rakafanana neyesilicon maminera, iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvose kubva samende, matope, uye makeramics, girazi uye mapurogiramu.
Ferrosilicon, sezvakataurwa, ndiyo inowanzoshandiswa sesimbi inonzi silicon. Kubva kushandiswa kwayo kwekutanga makore makumi mashanu akapfuura, ferrosilicon yakaramba iri inokosha deoxidzing agent mukugadzira kabhoni nesimbi isina tsvina . Nhasi, simbi inoputika inoramba iine mutengi mukuru we ferrosilicon.
Ferrosilicon ine nhamba dzinoverengeka dzinoshandiswa kupfuura kudhonza, kunyange zvakadaro. Iyo isati yakashandiswa pakugadzira magnesium ferrosilicon, inonzi nodulizer inoshandiswa kubudisa ductile iron, uyewo panguva yePidgeon yekugadzirisa ukuru hwemhepo yakachena.
Ferrosilicon inogonawo kushandiswa kuita kupisa uye kupisa kusagadzikana kusunga silicon zvinyorwa pamwe chete nesilicon steel, iyo inoshandiswa pakugadzira electro-motors uye transformer cores.
Metallurgical silicon inogona kushandiswa mukugadzira mashizha pamwe chete neanorling agent mu aluminium casting. Aluminium-silicon (Al-Si) motokari dzemakamuri zvisinganzwisisiki uye dzine simba kudarika zvikamu zvinokonzerwa ne-pure aluminium. Motokari zvikamu zvakadai sejini injini uye thiri rimisi ndezvimwe zvinowanzoitwa cast aluminium silicon parts.
Inenge hafu yezvose metallurgical silicon inoshandiswa nemakemikari inoita kuti fumed silica (a thickening agent ne desiccant), silanes (kubatanidza agent) uye silicone (sealants, adhesive, uye lubricants).
Photovoltaic grade polysilicon inonyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira polysilicon masero ezuva. Inenge mamiriyoni mashanu eti polysilicon inodiwa kuita imwe megawatt yezuva.
Parizvino, polysilicon teknolojia yezuva inobatsira zvinodarika hafu yemagetsi ezuva akabudiswa munyika yose, apo monosilicon teknolojia inobatsira anenge 35 muzana. Pose, 90 muzana yezuva rinoshandiswa nevanhu rinounganidzwa ne-silicon-based technology.
Monocrystal silicon inosanganisira semiconductor inokosha inowanika mumagetsi emazuva ano. Segorosi inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwenyika inopinza transistors (FETs), ma LED uye masangano akabatanidzwa, silicon inogona kuwanikwa munenge makombiyuta ose, mafoni efoni, mahwendefa, terevhizheni, mafirimu uye mamwe mazuva ano ekukurukurirana.
Inofungidzirwa kuti zvinodarika chimwe chetatu chemagetsi ese ane telicon-based semiconductor teknolojia.
Pakupedzisira, rakaoma alloy silicon carbide inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemagetsi uye dzisiri dzemagetsi, kusanganisira mabhii ekugadzira, mashizha ekushisa-soro, makanda akaoma, mabhuku akacheka, mabrasives, mabrasives, uye mafuta ekupisa.
Sources:
Nhoroondo Pfupi yeAsimbi Alloying uye Ferroalloy Production.
URL: http://www.urm-company.com/images/docs/steel-alloying-history.pdf
Holappa, Lauri uye Seppo Louhenkilpi. A
Pamuchina weFerroalloys muChiftwork. Gumiguru 9-13, 2013. Chegumi nemitatu cheSouth Ferroalloys Congress. URL: http://www.pyrometallurgy.co.za/InfaconXIII/1083-Holappa.pdf
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