Tsvaga mashoko paZvakanaka, Nhoroondo, Kugadzira, uye Applications
Germanium isingawanzovi, sirivha-mavara semiconductor metal iyo inoshandiswa mumagetsi e-infrared, fiber optic cables, uye masero ezuva.
Properties
- Atomic Symbol: Ge
- Atomic Number: 32
- Element Category: Metalloid
- Kuwanda kwevanhu: 5.323 g / cm3
- Melting Point: 1720.85 ° F (938.25 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 5131 ° F (2833 ° C)
- Mohs kuoma: 6.0
Mamiriro
Zvechokwadi, germanium inoratidzika sesimbi metalid kana semi-metal. Imwe yeboka rezvikamu zvine zvigadzirwa zvezvinhu zvose zvesimbi uye zvisiri zvesimbi.
Mumufananidzo wayo wesimbi, germanium isirivha yakajeka, yakaoma, uye ine brittle.
Germanium's unique characteristics inosanganisira kuve pachena kune pedroredhe electromagnetic radiation (paavelengths pakati peanopera 1600-1800 nanometer), iyo yakakwirira yokuyerera, uye kupararira kwayo kwepasi.
Iyo metalloid inowanikwawo semiconductive.
Nhoroondo
Demitri Mendeleev, baba veperiodic, vakataurira kuvapo kwechikamu chechina 32, iyo yaakatumidza ekasilicon , muna 1869. Makore makumi manomwe nemashure gare chigadzirirwo chemasikari Clemens A. Winkler akawana uye akadzivisa chinhu ichi kubva pane zvisingaiti mineral argyrodite (Ag8GeS6). Akatumidza chirevo shure kwekugara kwake, Germany.
Mumakore ekuma1920, kutsvakurudza mukati memagetsi emagetsi e germanium kwakaguma nekukura kwekuchena kwakakwana, single-crystal germanium. Siri-kristin germanium yakashandiswa sekuvandudza diode mu microwave radar vanogamuchira panguva yeHondo Yenyika II.
Sokutanga shanduro yezvigadzirwa zve germanium yakauya mushure mehondo, shure kwekugadzirwa kwevatenderi vaJohn Bardeen, Walter Brattain, naWilliam Shockley kuBell Labs munaDecember 1947.
Mumakore akatevera, germanium-ine-transistors yakawana nzira yavo mufoni yekushandura midziyo, makombiyuta emasoja, manzwiro ekunzwa uye marediyo anotakura.
Zvinhu zvakatanga kuchinja mushure me 1954, zvisinei, apo Gordon Teal yeTexas Instruments yakagadzira silicon transistor. Germanium transistors aiva netsika yekukundikana pamatambo akakwirira, dambudziko rinogona kugadziriswa ne silicon.
Kusvikira Teal, hakuna munhu aikwanisa kubudisa silicon nepamusoro zvakakwana zvakakwana kuti adzore germanium, asi mushure me 1954 silicon yakatanga kutora germanium mumagetsi transistors, uye nemakore ekuma1960, germanium transistors yakanga isiripo.
Zvitsva zvitsva zvaifanira kuuya. Kubudirira kwe germanium muvatendeuki vepakutanga kwakatungamirira kune kumwe kutsvakurudza uye kugona kwema germanium ye-infrared properties. Pakupedzisira, izvi zvakazoita kuti metalloid ishandiswe sechinhu chinokosha che infrared (IR) lenses nemahwindo.
Iko kufamba kwekutanga nzvimbo yekuongorora kutsvaga kwakatanga mumakore ekuma1970 kunoratidzwa nesimba rinobudiswa ne silicon-germanium (SiGe) photovoltaic cells (PVCs). Germanium-based PVCs ichiri kukosha kune shanduro dzemabasa.
Kubudirira nekuwedzerwa kana fiber optic mitambo mumakore ekuma 1990 zvakaita kuti kuwedzera kudiwa kwe germanium, iyo inoshandiswa kugadzira girazi rekamuri re fiber optic cables.
Pakazosvika gore ra2000, kukwanisa kwepamusoro kwePVCs uye chiedza-emitting diodes (LEDs) inotarisana ne germanium substrates yakanga yava vashandi vashoma veiyo.
Kugadzirwa
Kungofanana nezvimwe zvidhinha zviduku, germanium inobudiswa sechinhu-chigadzirwa cheganda rekunatswa kwesimbi uye haisi minediri sechinhu chikuru.
Germanium inowanzobudiswa kubva kune sphalerite zinc ores asi inozivikanwa kuti inobviswa kubva kumhepo inokonzerwa nemafuta (inobudiswa kubva kumazimbe emagetsi emashizha) uye mamwe ores emhangura .
Pasinei nokuti inobva papi, zvose germanium inogadzirisa inotanga kucheneswa nekushandisa chlorination uye distillation process inobereka germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4). Germanium tetrachloride inobva yashandiswa hydrolyzed uye yakaoma, ichibereka germanium dioxide (GeO2). Iyo yexide inoderedzwa nehydrogen kuti igadzire germanium simbi pfupa.
Germanium powder inokandwa muzariro pamatambo anopfuura 1720.85 ° F (938.25 ° C).
Kunzvimbo-kunatswa (tsvina yekunyungudutsa uye kunotonhora) mazariro anopatsanura uye anobvisa kusvibiswa uye, pakupedzisira, anounza kuchena kwakasimba kwema germanium. Bhizimusi shandani simbi kakawanda inopfuura 99.999% yakachena.
Nzvimbo-yakanatswa germanium inogona kuwedzera kukura kuva makriststals, ayo akaiswa muzvidimbu zviduku zvekushandisa mu semiconductors uye optical lenses.
Kubudiswa kwenyika yose ye germanium kwakafungidzirwa neU.S. Geological Survey (USGS) kuti inenge magetsi zana makumi maviri muna 2011 (yaiva germanium).
Inofungidzirwa kuti 30% yenyika yegermine yakagadzirwa gore negore inoshandiswazve kubva pane zvigadzirwa, zvakadai semasirini ekuRRA. Inofungidzirwa kuti 60% ye germanium inoshandiswa muR systems yakashandiswa zvakare.
Iyo yakawanda germanium inobereka nyika inotungamirirwa neChina, uko zvikamu zviviri kubva kune zvitatu zve germanium zvakabudiswa muna 2011. Vamwe vashandi vakuru vanosanganisira Canada, Russia, USA, uye Belgium.
Major Major germanium vatengesi vanosanganisira Teck Resources Ltd. , Yunnan Lincang Xinyuan Germanium Industrial Co., Umicore uye Nanjing Germanium Co.
Applications
Maererano neU.SGS, chirongwa che germanium chinogona kuiswa muzvikwata zvishanu (zvinoteverwa nehafu inosvika yehuwandu hwekushandisa):
- IR optics - 30%
- Fiber Optics - 20%
- Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - 20%
- Electronic uye yezuva - 15%
- Phosphors, metallurgy uye organic - 5%
Germanium makristasi akakura uye akaumbwa kuva lenzi newindo re IR kana thermal imaging optical systems. Inenge hafu yezvinhu zvose izvi, izvo zvakanyanya kuvimba nechisimba chehondo, zvinosanganisira germanium.
Zvirongwa zvinosanganisira zviduku zviduku zvakagadzirirwa maoko uye zvombo, pamwe chete nemhepo, nyika, uye gungwa-based based-systems-mounted systems. Kuedza kwakagadzirwa kukura mumakambani ekutengeserana kwe-germanium-based IR maitiro, akadai mumagetsi ekupedzisira, asi kusingabatsiri maitiro achiri kuverenga chete 12% yezvokuda.
Germanium tetrachloride inoshandiswa se dopant - kana kuwedzera - kuwedzera refractive index mu silica glass core ye fiber-optic mitsara. Nokubatanidza germanium, kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo kunodzivirirwa kunogona kudziviswa.
Mafomu e germanium anoshandiswawo mumagadziro ekugadzira PVCs kune zvose nzvimbo-based (satellites) uye simba rekugara kwenyika.
Germanium substrates inoumba imwe nheyo mu multilayer systems dzinoshandisa gallium, indium phosphide, uye gallium arsenide. Nheyo dzakadaro, dzinozivikanwa seyiyo yakagadziriswa photovoltaics (CPVs) nekuda kwekushandisa kwayo yekuisa lenzi inokudza chiedza chezuva kuti isati yashandurwa kuine simba, iine huwandu hwakanaka hwehutano asi hunodhura zvakanyanya kuumba kupfuura crystalline silicon kana mhangura-indium-gallium- diselenide (CIGS) masero.
Inenge 17 mamita emamiriyoni e germanium dioxide inoshandiswa sepolymerization catalyst pakugadzira plastiki yePET gore negore. PET plastiki inonyanya kushandiswa muzvokudya, zvinwiwa, nemvura.
Pasinei nokukundikana kwaro sechitenderera muma1950, germanium iko iko zvino inoshandiswa muchengeti ne silicon muzvinhu zvinopfurikidza kune dzimwe serofoni uye zvigadzirwa zvisina tsvina. SiGe transistors vane hurukuro yokushandura uye vanoshandisa simba shoma kudarika silicon-based technology. Chimwe chekupedzisira-kushandiswa kwekushandiswa kweSiGe chips iri mumotokari yekuchengetedza zvirongwa.
Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zve germanium mumagetsi zvinosanganisira muchikamu chekuyeuka chips, icho chiri kutora fungidziri yekufema mumagetsi akawanda emagetsi nemhaka yekubatsira kwavo kuponesa kwesimba, uyewo mumasiteti anoshandiswa pakugadzira ma LED.
Sources:
USGS. 2010 Mineral Yearbook: Germanium. David E. Guberman.
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/
Minor Metals Trade Association (MMTA). Germanium
http://www.mmta.co.uk/metals/Ge/
CK722 Museum. Jack Ward.
http://www.ck722museum.com/