Tsvaga Mashoko pamusoro peNhoroondo, Kugadzirwa, Zvishandiso zveSaft Metal
Dysprosium metal inotapira, yakajeka-sirivha isiri yenyika pasi chinhu (REE) iyo inoshandiswa mumagetsi asingagumi nekuda kwemasimba ayo emagetsi uye kupisa kwekushisa kukuru.
Properties
- Atomic Symbol: Dy
- Atomic Number: 66
- Element Category: Lanthanide metal
- Atomic Weight: 162.50
- Kuchengeta Point: 1412 ° C
- Nyaya Yakabikira: 2567 ° C
- Kuwanda kwevanhu: 8.551g / cm 3
- Vickers Dambudziko: 540 MPa
Mamiriro
Kunyange zvazvo ichinyatsogadzikana mumhepo pane kutonhora kwakadzika, dysprosium metal ichaita mvura inotonhorera uye inopera nokukurumidza mukubatana neacids.
Mune hydrofluoric acid, zvisinei, iyo nzara yenyika isimbi yakawanda inogadzira chidziviriro che dysprosium fluoride (DyF 3 ).
Tsvina yakashata, iyo yakaita sesirivha inonyanya kushandiswa iri mumagetsi asingagumi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti dysprosium yakachena yakanyatsokonzerwa ne-paramagnetic kumusoro -93 ° C (-136 ° F), zvinoreva kuti inokwezva kune maginiti muminda mukati mehutambo hwakasiyana-siyana.
Pamwe chete ne holmium, dysprosium inewo yakakwirira zvikuru magnetic moment (simba uye kutungamirirwa kwekusvota kunokonzerwa nemaginetic field) chero ipi zvayo.
Dysprosium's high melting temperature uye neutron cross-section section inobvumirawo kuti ishandiswe mune zvombo zvenyukireya.
Kunyange zvazvo dysprosium ichine mishonga isingasviki, haisi yekutengeserana inoshandiswa sesimbi yakachena kana muzvigadziro zvealloys .
Kufanana nedzimwe sarthanide (kana kuti nyika isingawanzoitiki), dysprosium inowanzowanzobatanidzwa mumitumbi miviri pamwe nedzimwe nyika dzisingawanzoitiki.
Nhoroondo
Nyanzvi yemakemikari yeFrance Paul-Emile Lecoq deBoisbadran akatanga kuziva dysprosium sechinhu chakazvimiririra muna 1886 paakanga achiongorora erbium oxide.
Kuratidzira hukama hwepedyo hweRees, deBoisbaudran pakutanga aifunga nezveyttrium oxide isina kuchena, kubva ipapo akachera erbium uye terbium achishandisa asidi uye ammonia.
Erbium oxide, iyo pachayo, yakawanikwa iine mamwe maviri maitiro, holmium, uye thulium.
Sezvo de de Boisbaudran akashanda pamba pamba pake, zvisikwa zvakatanga kuzviratidza ivo semadhora eRussia, uye mushure mekutengesa 32 acid uye 26 ammonia precipitations, de Boisbaudran akakwanisa kuzivisa dysprosium sechinhu chakasiyana. Akatumidza icho chitsva mushure mezwi rechiGiriki rokuti dysprositos , zvinoreva 'zvakaoma kuwana'.
Mamwe matsvene akachena echo chinhu chakagadzirirwa muna 1906 naGeorges Urbain, asi maitiro akachena (nemazuva ano) maitiro haana kubudiswa kusvika muna 1950, mushure mekuvandudzwa kwekuparadzaniswa kweveiyo pamwe uye metallographic mitemo yekuderedza naFrank Harold Spedding, piyona wenyika isina tsvakurudzo tsvakurudzo, uye boka rake paAmes Laboratory.
IAmes Laboratory, pamwe neNavy Ordnance Laboratory, yaivewo inokosha pakusimudza imwe yekutanga kushandiswa kukuru kweDysprosium, Terfenol-D. Zvinyorwa zvemaketetemeteri zvakatsvakurudzwa muma1970 uye zvakashambadzirwa muma1980 kuti zvishandiswe mumhepo yeanari sonars, magneto-mechanical sensors, actuator, uye transducers.
Kushandiswa kweD Dysprosium mumagetsi anogara nekusingaperi kwakakura zvakare nekusikwa kweNeodymium- iron - boron (NdFeB) magetsi muma1980. Kutsvakurudza neGeneral Motors uye Sumitomo Special Metals kwakatungamirira mukusikwa kwemasimba akaoma, asingadhuri emakemikari ekutanga (samarium- cobalt ), ayo akanga aitwa makore makumi maviri apfuura.
Kuwedzerwa kwepakati pa3 kusvika ku6 muzana dysprosium (kuburikidza nekuyera) kune NdFeB magnetic alloy inowedzera magnet's Curie point nekushingaira, nokudaro, kuvandudza kugadzikana nekushanda pamatambo echando uyewo nekuderedza demagnetization.
NdFeB magetsi iye zvino ndiyo inowanikwa mumagetsi ekushandisa uye motokari yemagetsi.
IEEs, kusanganisira dysprosium, yakakandwa muhuwandu hwemashoko ehuwandu hwemashoko muna 2009 mushure mekunge mitemo yeChina yekutengeserana kwezvinhu yakatungamirira kupa zvishoma nekutsvaga mari mune zvidhina. Izvi, zvakare, zvakaita kuti pave nemari inowedzera nokukurumidza nekutsvaga kwekutsvaga mune zvekuvandudzwa kweimwe nzvimbo.
Kugadzirwa
Ichangobva kubudiswa kwemashoko ekuongorora kushandiswa kwepasi rose pamusoro peChina REE kuburitsa kunowanzosimbisa chokwadi chokuti nyika inobhadhara 90% yeREE pasi rose.
Kunyange zvazvo mhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira monazite uye bastnasite, inogona kunge ine dysprosium, zvinyorwa zvine huwandu hwepamusoro ye dysprosium ine ion adsorption ivhu reZexixi Province, China uye xenotime ores muSouth China neMalaysia.
Zvichienderana nemhando yemhando, maitiro akasiyana-siyana e hydrometallurgical maitiro anofanira kushandiswa kuitira kuti abvise imwe REEs. Kuputika kwefroth uye kunya kwekutarisa ndiyo nzira inowanzoshandiswa yekubvisa pasi isingadi sulfate, iyo inopedzisira yakawanda iyo inogona kugadziriswa kuburikidza neononi kuchinjwa kushanduka. Iyo inokonzerwa nedysprosium ions inobva yasimbiswa ne fluorine kuti iumbe dysprosium fluoride.
Dysprosium fluoride inogona kuderedzwa kuva zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvitsva nekupisa ne calcium pamatambo makuru mu tantalum crucibles.
Kubudiswa kwenyika yeDysprosium kunongowanikwa kusvika 1800 metric tonnes (yaiva nedysprosium) gore negore. Izvi zvinongotora chete 1 muzana yepasi rose risingawanzogadziridzwa gore rega roga.
Izvo zvakasikwa zvisingashamisi pasi pano zvinosanganisira Baotou Steel Rare Earth Hi-Tech Co., China Minmetals Corp., uye Aluminium Corp. yeChina (CHALCO).
Applications
Kubva kure, mutengi mukuru kune dysprosium ndiwo magnethe emagetsi. Magetsi akadaro anotonga pamusika wepamusoro-soro inoshandiswa motors inoshandiswa mumotokari yakasvibiswa uye magetsi, mhepo inotungisa mhepo uye madhiyumu akaoma.
Dzvanya pano kuti uverenge zvakawanda nezvemaitiro eDysprosium.
Sources:
Emsley, John. Zvinhu Zvekuvaka Zvivako: An AZ Mazano Ezvinhu .
Oxford University Press; New Edition edition (Sept. 14, 2011)
Arnold Magnetic Technologies. Basa Rinokosha reD Dysprosium muMazuva Ano Magnet Magumi . January 17, 2012.
British Geological Survey. Kazhinji Zvikamu zvePasi . November 2011.
URL: www.mineralsuk.com
Kingsnorth, Prof. Dudley. "Nyika yeChina Inogara Pasi Pose Inogona Kupona". China's Industrial Minerals & Markets Conference. Mharidzo: September 24, 2013.
Tevera Terence paGoogle +