Kukura Kwemahombekombe egungwa kuchinje nyika yako
Mutengo wekuchinja uri kuwedzerawo. Sezvo tafura iri pasi apa inoratidzika, makungwa mairi akawedzera anenge 1 1/4 emasentimita pakati pe2000 ne2010. Vakasimuka imwe ye7/8 inch pakati pegore ra2010 na2015. Parizvino muzinga wezvino, muna 2020 ivo vachawedzera 1 3/4 inch mumakore mashanu chete.
| Gore | Kuwedzera Kuwedzera (Inches) | Increas e per decade (inches) |
|---|---|---|
| 1880 | 0 | 0 |
| 1890 | 0.4 | 7/16 |
| 1900 | 1.1 | 11/16 |
| 1910 | 1.3 | 3/16 |
| 1920 | 1.9 | 11/16 |
| 1930 | 2.1 | 3/16 |
| 1940 | 2.6 | 9/16 |
| 1950 | 3.6 | Inenge imwe masendimita |
| 1960 | 4.5 | Inenge imwe masendimita |
| 1970 | 4.7 | 3/16 |
| 1980 | 5.6 | Inenge imwe masendimita |
| 1990 | 6.2 | 11/16 |
| 2000 | 6.9 | 11/16 |
| 2010 | 8.1 | 1 3/16 |
| 2015 | 8.9 | 7/8 mumakore mashanu |
| 2020 | 9.9 | 1 3/4 |
Maitiro Masayendisiti Anoziva Nhamba Yegungwa Yakasimuka
Masayendisiti akanyatsorongedza kuwanda kwegungwa rehupamhi kunowedzera nenzira nhatu. Kubva muna 1992, NASA yakaunganidza deta kubva kuma satellite. NASA inoshandisawo majini gauge munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika kuti iwane pasi rose. Nhamba idzi dzinodzivisa mafungiro emafungu uye mafungu kuti ave nekuverenga kwakarurama.
Nzira yechitatu ndeyokuongorora maumbwa edombo. Masayendisiti anoshandisa nzira iyi kuti aone kuti gungwa rinosvika mamiriyoni emakore apfuura. Vanotsvaga zvinyorwa zvezvisikwa zvegungwa, zvigaro zvepanyika, uye kunyange zviito zvemafungu.
Migumisiro
Kukwira kwemahombekombe egungwa kunokanganisa 40 muzana yeAmerica vanogara mumhenderekedzo yegungwa.
Nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzichachinja hupfumi hwemaguta makuru pasi pose ari pedyo negungwa. Chidzidzo cheHarvard chakawana kuti kuwedzera kwemamita matatu kunodzinga vanhu mamiriyoni 4.2 .
Mvura yemunyu inopinda mumvura yakadzika pasi pevhu uye kupinda muvhu. Icho chinokanganisa chikemikari sarudzo yemagetsi. Mvura yaSaltier inoparadza mabhedha eowsterster uye shiri dzinogara.
Kuwedzera kwesaineni muBangladesh, Vietnam, uye dzimwe nyika dzeSouth Asia dziri kumahombekombe zvinoparadzira michero.
Kukwira kwegungwa kunowedzera kuwedzera kwemvura mumaguta akadzika. Mafashamo akarova maguta eUnited States magungwa katatu kusvika kuvapfumbamwe kakawanda kakawanda kupfuura zvaakaita makore makumi mashanu adarika.
MuMiami, Florida, gungwa rakakwirira rinoputika mumigwagwa panguva yakakwirira. Kukunda, Guta reMiami Beach rakatanga chirongwa chemakore mashanu, $ 500 mamiriyoni ehurumende. Guta rinofanira kusimudza migwagwa, kuisa mapampu, uye kugadzirisa zvigadziriswe zvegungwa kuitira kuti gungwa rirege kunyura mumigwagwa. Mafashamo ave atoora mwoyo matengo edzimba munzvimbo iyi. Vatsvakurudzi veHarvard vakawana kuti matengo emisha munzvimbo dzakadzika-nzvimbo dzeMiami-Dade County neMiami Beach dziri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kune dzose dzeFlorida. Chidzidzo chekushandisa Zillow chakawana kuti zvinhu zviri panjodzi yekukwira kwegungwa zvinotengeswa ne 7% kutengesa kune zvimwe zvakafanana zvisiri pangozi.
Atlantic City, New Jersey, inonetseka nokuti iri pachivako chinzvimbo chakashata, nzvimbo yakadzika. Guta racho rinogara richifashamo kana kunaya. Sezvo yakanyanya kuderera, kudengenyeka kwemhepo ine tsoka-mana kwaizowedzera 50 muzana yaro. Kuwedzera kwakadaro mumuguta wakakwirira, wakadai seBoston, kwaizongoita 7% chete.
Annapolis, Maryland, inosanganawo nemafashamo kubva mumvura yakakwirira.
Guta iri riri kuisa maruva pasi kuitira kudhonza mvura zhinji kubva kune zvivako zvekare. Kana mvura yegungwa ichikwira mamita matatu, US Naval Academy ichava pasi pemvura.
MuLouisana, kuwedzera kwemahombekombe egungwa kunoputika kuMosissippi delta. Louisiana iri kurasikirwa neawa imwe chete yeawa yemahombekombe. Iyi nharaunda inopa zvokudya uye inodzivirira New Orleans kubva mhirizhonga.
Kukwira kwemahombekombe egungwa pamwe chete nenyika inonaya kuchaputika munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakapoteredza neSan Francisco kusvika 2100. Nyika iri kunyura nekuda kwemvura yakadzika pasi. Zvikamu zvehombekombe, pamwe chete nemakwikiti makuru eUnited City, Foster City, uye Treasure Island, yaizova pasi pemvura.
Kukwira kwegungwa kunowedzera kukuvara kunobva mhepo . Makumi makumi manomwe nemazana makumi maviri emvura inoparadza yeUnited States yakaitika pashure pe2000. Vatatu vavo vakaitika muna 2017.
- Svondo 20, 2017. Hurricane Maria yakanga iri chikamu 4 dutu apo yakaparadza Puerto Rico. Yakaodhura $ 90 mabhiriyoni mukukuvara. Hurumende yehurumende yepamutemo yakafa ye 64, asi kuongorora kweNew York Times yakataura kuti inogona kunge iri 1,052.
- Svondo 10, 2017. Hurricane Irma ndiyo yakasimba zvikuru yeAtlantic mhirizhonga yakanyorwa kare. Kuparadza kwaiva $ 50 biliyoni. AccuWeather inofungidzira mari yakawanda yehupfumi pa $ 100 bhiriyoni. Yaiva Chikamu 4 dutu paakaenda kuFlorida. Iyo ndiyo yaiva yekutanga munguva yemakore zana iyo dutu mbiri Chikamu 4 kana chikuru chakakunda nyika yeUnited States mugore rimwe chete. Mhirizhonga simba raIrma raidyidzwa nemvura yakadzika yegungwa ye 86 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Gumiguru 25, 2017. Hurricane Harvey yaiva chikwata chechina chechina cheTexas. Kukuvadza kwaiva $ 125 biliyoni. Yakagadzirisa vanhu vane mamiriyoni 13 muTexas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, neKentucky. Vanhu makumi masere nevasere vakafa kubva mudutu.
- Gumiguru 29, 2012. Hurricane Sandy yaiva dutu guru rinopisa New York neNew Jersey. Dutu rinokwira raiva nemakiromita gumi nembiri pakakwirira pane yakasarudzwa paMambo Point, Long Island. Dutu racho rakaparadza mamiriyoni 650 000, uye mamiriyoni 8 vanhu vakarasikirwa nesimba. Yakamanikidza New York Stock Exchange kuti ipfigire kwemazuva maviri, kutanga kokuvhara kwakadaro nekuda kwehupenyu kubva muna 1888.
- Gumiguru 29, 2005. Hurricane Katrina yakanga iri nharaunda yechishanu yakasangana neNew Orleans muna 2008. Yakadhura madhora mabhiriyoni gumi nemazana matanhatu uye ikauraya vanhu 1 836. Kupisa kwaro kwakaputika pamakumbo makumi maviri. Guta rakarasikirwa hafu yevanhu varo vanosvika 450 000 uye harina kuzodzoka zvakakwana.
Zvichaitika mune ramangwana kubva mhepo dzemhepo zvinogona kuipa. Bhuku reCongressal Budget Office rinofungidzira kuti mamiriyoni 1.2 eAmerica anogara munzvimbo dziri kumhenderekedzo dzegungwa pangozi ye "kukuvadza kwakanyanya" kubva mhirizhonga. Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzenzvimbo iyi dzine vanhu vakawanda dzinogara pasi pemamita gumi pamusoro pegungwa, maererano neNational Hurricane Center. Dutu rekufamba kwemvura 23 raizova mafashamo 67 kubva muzana eUnited States, kusanganisira 57 muzana yemigwagwa yakareba. Kuwedzera kwakakura kwakadaro kwaizofukidza inenge hafu yemakiromita ezvitima, mapurisa makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe, uye nepamusoro pezvikepe zvose muGulf Coast.
Hurumende dzenharaunda dziri kuita zvikwereti zvinodhura mukuedza kugadzirira. San Diego County muCalifornia yakashungurudzika iri kuvaka chivako chikuru chemvura yeharaal dealination kumadokero kwenyika. Iyo MIT Technology Review inoshuvaridza kuti mbeu yacho ichasvika $ 1 bhiriyoni.
MunaSeptember 2016, Centre yeChimiro neKachengeteka yakabudisa mushumo unonyevera pamusoro pemigumisiro yegungwa yepamusoro pakugadzirira hondo . Hondo yeUnited States ine nzvimbo 1 774 pane 95 471 makiromita egungwa. Nzvimbo idzi dziri pangozi yekuyerera kubva pakunaya kwegungwa. Nzvimbo dzinopfuura makumi matatu dzenyika dzakapoteredza United States dziri kutambudzwa kubva pagungwa. Kuwedzerwa nguva yakawanda uye ine simba kune mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika zviitiko zvichabata zvigaro zvose, asi kunyanya izvo zviri munzvimbo yePacific. Iyi nheyo dzinowanzowanzoita mabasa ekubatsira rubatsiro.
Kukwidzwa kwegungwa kunowedzera kubuda . Vagari vanobva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa munyika dzinotengesa misika dzinofanira kutama. Havana kukwanisa kugadzirisa zvipingamupinyi kana kuisa mapampu. Mamwe mahedheni ezvitsuwa, akadai seMaldives uye Seychelles, achave ari pasi pemvura. Pakazosvika 2050, 17 muzana yeBangladesh yaizoputika, ichidzinga vanhu vane mamiriyoni gumi nematanhatu. Vagari varo vanofanira kutamira kune dzimwe nyika.
Jakarta, Indonesia, iri musha kune vanhu mamiriyoni makumi matatu. 40% yeguta iri pasi pegungwa. Kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze ndiyo chikamu chechinetso. Guta iri kunyura sezvo vagari vemo vanochera mvura yakadzika pamusoro payo.
Gungwa maitiro anotyisidzira kutarisa uye nzvimbo dzezvakaitika kare . PaIsta Easter, iye akakurumbira maMuai zvifananidzo zvichaparadzwa kana gungwa richikwira mamita matanhatu. Ma Marshall Islands anonyangarika kare. Izvo zvikaita mamita matanhatu kubva kumusoro kwegungwa. Asi kuchinja mhepo yemhepo yakasimudza gungwa netsoka pamusoro pemakore makumi matatu adarika. Rudzi rwevanhu 70 000 vagari varo vangangotamira kuUnited States, nekuda kwesungano ya1986.
Zvinokonzera
Kupisa kwepasi kwakakonzera kukwira kwegungwa here? Chidzidzo cheRuthgers University chakawana kuti kupisa kwemazuva ekupisa kwevhu kwakapa chikamu chekuwedzera. Yakapisa zvakadini? Kwemazana zana apfuura, kutengesa kwepanyika kwepasi kwakapisa ne100 degrees Fahrenheit. Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti 2017 ndiyo gore rakapisa zvikuru pakanyorwa. Somugumisiro, nzvimbo dzepamusoro 2 300 dzegungwa dzinodziya ne 0.18 degrees Fahrenheit. Kufanana nedziva rako rokugezera, mvura iri mugungwa inopisa zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura mhepo.
Inyanja inotonhora inokonzera gungwa kuwirirana munzira mbiri. Kutanga, mvura inodziya inotora nzvimbo yakawanda. Inenge hafu yenguva yegungwa inokura muzana remakore rapfuura ndeyekuda kweizvi.
Chechipiri, kutonhora kunopisa kunonyorera mazaya echando akafukidza Greenland uye polar ice caps. Pamusoro pechando, chando chinowedzerazve chando. Asi nguva shoma shoma inoreva nguva shomanana yekuti mvura isvike uye inoshanduka kuva chando. Somugumisiro, mamwe mvura anogara mumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye ma glaciers haasati avakwazve. Panguva imwecheteyo, mvura yakawanda inopinda mumvura kubva pakanyunguduka kwechando.
Mvura yakanyungudutswa inosanganiswa nemvura yegungwa iri pasi pevhazha. Inogadzira rwizi pasi pemvura inonaya inovarova nokukurumidza kupinda mugungwa. Kupisa kwegungwa rokumusoro kunobatanidza nemhepo yakadzika yepamusoro yemhepo kunyausa mazaya echando kubva kumusoro uye pasi panguva imwechete.
Pakati pe2002 ne2016, Antarctica yakarasika 125 gigatons echando pagore. Yakapiwa 0,013 inches yegungwa kuwedzera kwegore pagore. Zvakawanda zvekurasikirwa uku kwakaitika muWest Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Mutengo wechando chechando unosunguka unowedzera. Pakazosvika 2010 ne2016, mutsara wekugadzirisa wakadarika mazana matanhatu pagore. Nheyo yemugwagwa ndiyo nzvimbo yekupedzisira apo inopera yechando. Imwe nzira inonyorera inoreva kuti mvura yegungwa inopisa inonyunguduka pasi pezasi pegungwa apo mhepo inotonhora inotonhora ichirwisa zvidzidzo zvepamusoro. Iyo inosimbisa kunetseka pamusoro penyaya yakaipa yakanyanya Antarctic inogadzirisa iyo inomutsa makungwa ezvimwewo mamita gumi nema2100. Zvakakwana kuisa FDR Drive uye1st Avenue paUpper East Side muManhatten pasi pemvura.
Antarctica inobata 90 muzana yechando chenyika. Kana iyo yose yakanyunguduka, gungwa rezvikwata raizomuka mazana maviri.
Munguva imwecheteyo, Greenland yakarasikirwa ne 280 gigatons echando pagore. Zvinonyunguduka pamusana wekukurumidza kudarika mumakore mazana adarika akapfuura. Iyo yechando yakanyunguduka yakawedzera 0,03 masentimita masere pagore kuti iwedzere gungwa. Kurasika kwakaipisisa kwakaitika pamwe neWest Greenland gungwa. Kana glasi yeGreenland yakanyunguduka zvakakwana, iyo yaizosimudza maruva nemamita makumi matanhatu nemaviri. Zvakakwana kuisa New Orleans, Miami, uye Amsterdam mumvura.
Denga reGungwa Rinotaurira Kufanotaurwa
Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti, kana kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kusati kwasungwa, kuwirirana kwegungwa kunokwira pakati pemakumbo nemaviri kusvika 2100. I Intergo Governmental Panel pamusoro pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze iboka remarudzi akawanda remazana evadzidzisi vemamiriro ekunze. Havaiti mazano kana mazano. Vanongotaura zvavanoona nezvechokwadi chavanowana. The Panel yakabudisa izvi izvi muna 2007.
Muna 2018, vatsvakurudzi vePotsdam vakaratidza kuti nguva inokosha. Kunonoka kwemakore mashanu kunowedzera gungwa mazinga nemamwe 7.8 masendimita. Icho chava chinokwana 8.9 inch kuwedzera kakatoitika kubvira muna 1880.
Muna February 2018, kuongorora kweNASA kwakashuma kuti mahombekombe egungwa ari kuwedzera nokukurumidza kupfuura IPCC inotarisirwa. Iyo inofanotaura nezvegungwa huwandu huchave huri masendimita makumi maviri zvichikwirira kusvika 2100. Yakatarisa izvi pamusoro pezviitiko zvechangobva kubuda kwechando muGreenland neAntarctica. Masayendisiti anonyevera ichi chiyero chekuchengetedza.
Iko kukwira kwetsoka mbiri kwaizouya nemamirioni evanhu vanogara munzvimbo dzakadzika. Zvakakwana kudzika mazana akawanda eSouth Coast maguta.
A 2010 North Carolina yakaongorora yakafanotaura kuti mahombekombe egungwa achamuka mamita matatu kusvika 2100. Izvozvo zvingayambuka 50,000 vagari venyika. Izvo zvinogona kukanganisa makumi ezviuru zvekutengesa mabhiza-mberi.
Muna 2017, vatsvakurudzo vakatungamirirwa neYunivhesiti yeMelbourne, Australia vakagara vataura kuti gungwa rinogona kukwira kusvika mamita matanhatu kusvika 2100. Sezvo Antarctica inonyunguduka, inosvika pamashizha makuru ayo ari mukati. Uremu hwavo huchaita kuti vanyunguduke nekukurumidza kudarika zviduku duku zvemazai mune munguva yapfuura yapfuura. Kuwedzera kwemakumbo matanhatu kwaizoisa Atlantic City pasi pemvura.
Sangano reNational Oceanic neAatmospheric Administration rinopa mutambi wekubatanidza anoratidza izvi nezvimwe zvinokonzerwa nekukwirira kwegungwa pamhenderekedzo. Tsamba yeLandLittleList inoratidzawo mamiriro ekuti maguta makuru aizotarisa sei.
Ikukurumidza kweGungwa reNhasi reNyika Richienda Isati Yakamboitika
Gungwa rekupedzisira rekuwedzera rinoenzanisa sei zvakare? Munguva yekupedzisira yeA Ice Age, gungwa remukati rakanga riri mazana mana kubva pasi kupfuura nhasi. Icho chaiva makore anenge 26 500 akapfuura, mushure mokunge maNeanderthals apera (makore makumi mana emakore apfuura) asi Homo sapiens asati adzidzira kufudza (makore gumi nemaviri akapfuura). Massive machizha aya akaenderera kure nechekumaodzanyemba seNew York uye maRockies. Great Britain, Germany, nePoland zvakare yakanga yakafukidzwa nechando. Nhamba yegungwa rezasi inoratidzira bhiriji renyika yeBering kubva kuSiberia kusvika kuAlaska, ichibvumira madzitateguru eNyika dzeAmerica kuti vaende kuAmerica.
The Ice Age yakaguma apo kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakaputika pedyo nezuva. Chiedza chakatora kumaodzanyemba kwemazai, ayo akanga akura zvikuru zvokuti akanga asina kugadzikana. Kana ichinyunguduka, mvura itsva inodururirwa mumvura, ichidzorera mvura yakadzika inotakura mvura inodziya kubva kuchamhembe kubva kuEquator. Mvura inodziya yakayerera kumaodzanyemba, yakanyungudutswa neAntarctic uye ichichinja mhepo yemhepo. Izvi zvakabudisa carbon dioxide kubva kuSouth Ocean nemazana zana nemamiriyoni kwezviuru zvemakore. Izvo zvakaenzana nemari yakafanana iyo yakasunungurwa mumakore 200 apfuura.
Iyo yekupedzisira nguva yegungwa yaiva iyi inopisa yaiva makore zana emakore akapfuura. Neanderthals aigara muEurope. Homo Sapiens aigara muAfrica, umo kunaya kwemvura kwakaderedza kuva vasati vanopfuura 10 000 vanhu vakuru. Asi gungwa rakati rakanga rakasvika makubhiti makumi maviri kusvika kumakumi matatu. Sei chikepe chakanga chakakwirira, apo kabhoni dioxide yakanga isingadziyidzi mamiriro ekunze? Nyika yakanga yashandura pane imwe yaro pedyo nezuva. Nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzehutachiona dzaive dzichipisa mhepo yepasi nemakungwa mukati memakore 4 000 akapfuura.
Nguva ichangobva kupisa gesi inokonzerwa nemhepo inopisa nyika yakafanana, asi mumakore 150 chete. Kushambidzika kwakaitika nekukurumidza zvokuti ice iri harina kunyunguduka zvakare. Zvakafanana nekuisa ice cube mukofi inopisa. Kana imwe nguva kutonhora kunopisa kubva mumhepo yepasi kwakave nenguva yekunyungudutsa polar ice caps, gungwa rinogona kuwedzera imwe 20 kusvika ku 30 mamita.
Mhinduro
Kukwidzwa kwegungwa ndiko kwechipiri chekuAmerica kunetseka zvikuru panyaya yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Pew Research Research Yakagamuchira kuti 17 muzana yevanhu veAmerica vakati kukwira kwegungwa maitiro ndiyo iyo inonyanya kuvanetsa.
Hurumende dzakatanga kutarisana nemigumisiro yakananga yekugungwa kwegungwa. Maguta ehombekombe ari kuisa magadzirirwo emvura uye kuvaka zvivako zvegungwa. Island populations vari kufamba. Vatashanyi vari kushanyira kunoshanyira nzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzezororo, kufanana neMaldives, vasati vasvika mumvura.
Iyo chete inogadziriswa kugadzirisa ndeyokuchera kana kuderedza kupisa kwenyika. Kuwanda kwemafuro emagetsi anokonzerwa mumhepo yepasi kunoda kuderedzwa kana kubviswa. Izvozvo magasi vanoita senguvo pamusoro pemhepo yepasi. Dzinodzivirira pasi remasikirwo emasikirwo emhepo kubva pakupenya kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo. Pane kudaro, girazi rinoitumira zvakare kuNyika. Mhenderekedzo yegungwa inogona kutora kupisa kusina kunyanya kusimuka mukupisa kwavo. Pane kudaro, vanowedzera. Asi pavanenge vawana zvose zvavanogona, kutonhora kwavo kunomuka. Izvozvo zvakatanga kuitika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.
Pane imwe miganhu inogadziriswa zvakasimba, kambani yekubudisa mabhizimusi inogona kukomborera mabhizimusi anoteerera kuvha. Mitero yemarasi inogona kuranga avo vasingaiti.