Kushanduka Kwemamiriro Ehutano Zvechokwadi uye Chiitiko Pamari

Chii Chiri Kuchinja Kwemhepo? Chii Chiri Kuitwa?

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze ndiyo nyika inopindura kuwedzera carbon dioxide mumhepo. Izvi zvinopisa gasi zvinokonzera kupisa mukati mezuva. Izvozvo zvakasimudzira chiyero chepasi rose chekushisa 2.0 degrees Fahrenheit kubvira ekupedzisira kwezana remakore rechi19.

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze hakuna chinhu chitsva. Asi zvisati zvaitika kare kuchinja kwemugumo kwakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma. Chengetedza kuchinja mumhirizhonga yenyika kwakagadzira nguva iyo inopisa uye inotonhora.

Chokwadi

Kuwedzera kwekupisa kwepasi kwakagadzira mamwe matambudziko. Mhenderekedzo yegungwa inobudisa carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo. Mukupindura, ivo vane 30 muzana yemaidhi asiri kubvira pakutanga kweUniversity Revolution. Vanowedzerawo kudziya. Idzo mamita 2,300 mamita 0,3 digiri inotonhora kubva muna 1969, zvichiita kuti vawedzere.

Kupisa kwepasi pose kunovhiringidza Antarctic ice caps ne 1.6 mamita pagore. Kusati kwa1992, vakanga vachinyunguduka pamwero we 3.8 masentimita pagore. Muna 2017, Arctic yakanga ine 448,000 makiromita makiromita pasi pechando chegungwa pane yakasviba.

Kuparadzana kwakaguma kwemvura itsva kunoshandura kupararira kwepasi rose kwegungwa. Kazhinji, mvura yepamusoro inoenda kumapuranga kuva yakaoma. Sezvavanenge vachichira, vanowedzera kuoma uye kunyura. Kana imwe nguva ichikwira pasi pegungwa, inodzokera kuEquator. Iko kunotumidzwa kunonzi convection.

Kunyorera mvura inonaya yakaisa mvura yakachena muyano.

Iyo haina kuderera kupfuura mvura yakasviba. Somugumisiro, hairi kunyura sezvinofanira. Inoramba iri pamusoro pemvura yegungwa, inononoka "gungwa rekutengesa gungwa."

I "Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation" ndiyo bhanhire rinopinza rinounza mvura inotonhora kumahombekombe eGreat Britain nekumusoro kweEurope. Sezvo inononoka, nzvimbo iyo inoputika, sezvo iri parutivi rwakafanana neNewfoundland muNorth America.

Iyi Gulf Stream conveyor belt yakaderera 15 kubva muzana kubva muna 2008. Iko zvino ndiyo isina simba mumakore ekupedzisira 1 600. Somugumisiro, gungwa rakadzika kumaodzanyemba kweGreenland uye rinoputira pedyo neAtlantic kugungwa kweU.S. Apo Greenland inogara yakanyanyisa muzhizha, inobvumira mhepo inodziya kubva kumaodzanyemba kuenda kuEurope. Yakabatsira kukonzera kuti 2015 yeEuropeya inopisa.

Chiitiko chakafanana pakuitika pedyo neAntarctic. Mvura yakachena kubva kumvura inonaya inovhara mvura yenyoro inotonhorera kubva kunyura kusvika pasi pegungwa. Somugumisiro, mvura inodziya inoyungudutsa mashefu echando kubva pasi. Iko kunokonzera rondedzero yekuti ichanyunguduka ma glaciers kunyange nokukurumidza. Somugumisiro, gungwa rinogona kukwira nekukurumidza kupfuura kupfuura.

Kuchengetedza polar ice sheets kwawedzera gungwa mahara 8.9 masendimita mumakore zana apfuura. Glaciers uye chivharo chechando zviri kuwedzerawo. Iyo inopisa mhepo yakawanda kunyange, sezvo chando chinoratidza kupisa kumashure munzvimbo. Mazinga ekushisa akakwirira akasika njodzi dzinowedzera uye dzinowanzoitika njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.

Economic Impact

Vanhu vazhinji vanofungidzira kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze uye kupisa kwenyika kunongoreva kutonhora kunowedzera kuwedzera mune ramangwana. Zvichida rimwe zuva kusungurudza mazai echando kuchasimudza gungwa zvakakwana kuti rifambe muguta reNew York.

Asi kuchinja kwemugodhi kwave kuchiri kutora mari yepamusoro.

Sezvo nyika inosangana nemazuva anonyanya kupisa, mitengo yezvokudya iri kuwedzera. Ndiko nokuti chibage uye soybean zvinobereka muUnited States kutumbuka zvakanyanya nguva apo kutonhora kunokwira kudarika 84 degrees Fahrenheit. Zviyo izvozvo zvinopa zvipfuwo nemamwe mhuka. Yakagadzirwa mapikisi mumakumbo emombe, mukaka uye huku. Kubudirira kwevashandi kunowedzera zvakanyanya, kunyanya kumabasa ekunze. Izvo zvinowedzera kuwedzera mari yezvokudya.

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kukonzera kutama kwevanhu vakawanda munyika yose. Vari kuenda kumhenderekedzo yegungwa, mafashamo anokonzerwa nemvura, uye nzvimbo dzenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga. Pakazosvika 2050, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuchaita kuti vanhu mamiriyoni 700 vabve munyika.

Kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze kunogadzira dambudziko risingafungiri uye rine chisimba, kusanaya, uye mafashamo munyika yose nhasi. Izvo zvakaenderana naJohn P. Holdren, Mutungamiriri weWoods Hole Research Center, uye dzimwe nyanzvi.

Chisarudzo che 2017 chakaratidza kuti 55 kubva muzana veAmerica vanodavira kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kwakaita kuti dutu riwedzere. Izvo zvinobva ku39 muzana vakataura saizvozvo makore gumi apfuura. Somugumisiro, 48 muzana vakataura kuti vanotya kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Heano mienzaniso inoratidza uchapupu hwavo. Izvi njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga dzakatorawo mari muhupfumi mumakore manomwe apfuura.

2017 - Hurricane Harvey yakarova Houston, inodhura $ 180 biliyoni mukuvadza. Dutu guru Irma rakatevera, rakakonzerwa ne $ 100 bhiriyoni.

2016 - Masayendisiti akaparidzira mazinga ekutsika-yakakwirira kwegore rechishanu mushure. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzakasanganawo nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwematombo, mafashamo uye mafungu ekupisa. Zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zveGreat Barrier Reef zvakasvibiswa nekuda kwemvura yakadzika.

2015 - Makore matanhatu emvura eCalifornia yakadurura mvura yakadzika pasi pemvura, ichimanikidza mitemo yemvura kune varimi nemhuri. Inodhura $ 2.7 mabhiriyoni uye mabasa 21 000 muna 2015.

2014 - The polar vortex yakaenda kuMidwest, ichideredza hupfumi ne 2.1% .

2013 - Guta reKood City rakaparadza zvikuru munhoroondo yeUnited States, inokwana $ 2 bhiriyoni mukukuvara.

2012 - Hurricane Sandy yakasiya $ 50 biliyoni mukuparadzwa kwehupfumi. Kusanaya kweMiddle Midwest kwakaguma nematengo epamusoro ekudya .

2011 - Rwizi rweMisissippi Rwizi rwakanga rwakava nemakore 500. Yakasiya mari inenge $ 2 biriyoni mukuvaraidza. Dutu reIrene rakasiya $ 20 biliyoni mukukuvadza uye $ 45 mabhiriyoni ehuwandu hwehupfumi hwehupfumi. Chirwere chinopisa chakaipa mumakore eUnited States chakaitika, uye makumi matatu nemakumi matatu evanhu vakarova vhiki imwe chete, vachikwereta $ 3 bhiriyoni mukukuvara. Kudengenyeka kweJapan uye tsunami zvinodhura pakati pe $ 300 mabhiriyoni. Kubuda kwemakomo kweIceland kunodhura $ 1.2 mabhiriyoni mumhepo yakarasika.

2010 - Kudengenyeka kwenyika yeHaiti kwakakonzera madhora 8.5 mabhiriyoni mukukuvara.

2009 - Zvakawanda zve njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga asi kwete njodzi dzinoparadza.

2008 - Nyika yakazara nemafashamo, dutu nemagutu:

2007 - Mvura zhinji yakawanda uye mafashamo yakaodza nyika.

2005 - Hurricane Katrina yakasiya $ 125 biliyoni mukukuvara. Imari yakawanda yemitambo yakawira ku 1.3 muzana muna Q4 2005.

Masayendisiti Anobvumirana kuti Munhu Akaitora

Musi waNovember 3, 2017, mutungamiri weTrump akasunungura mushumo unoti mhosva yekuchinja kwemugumo pamusoro pebasa revanhu. Izvo zvakagara zvichitaura kuti gungwa raigona kusimuka mamwe mamita masere kusvika 2100. Masangano akawanda eesayenzi uye ehurumende anobvumirana kuti kuwedzera kwevanhu mumhepo inopisa kunokonzera kupisa kwenyika.

Aya magasi anosanganisira carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, uye perfluorocarbons. Ivo vakaunganidza mumhepo yepanyika pamusoro pemakore 150 apfuura. Vanodzivirira mazuva ekubuda kwezuva kubva pakudzoka zvakare munzvimbo. Iyo inopisa inopisa sezvinoita mumagetsi. Zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana zvaro zvinoshandiswa nemahombekombe eNyika.

Nhasi mazinga ari pa 370 nhengo pamamiriyoni ehuwandu, kubva ku 280 ppmv makore zana akapfuura. Emissions yakawedzera 4 muzana kubva muna 1990. Asi 2015 mazinga akatsika zvishoma kubva gore rakapera. Simba midzi yakatanga kushanduka kubva kumalahle kusvika kune gasi rechisikiro uye nguva inotonhora inotonhora inoderedza kudiwa kwekutya mafuta.

Mazuva ano maitiro anopisa fossil mafuta anosunungura magasi. Inosanganisira kudyara miti, furazi yekurima, uye inyanzvi yehuwandu yakadai sealuminium smelting. Chikonzero chinonyanya kukosha ndechokupisa mafuta mumafomu ayo ose. Maererano neAvironment Protection Agency, maSaily anoti muna 2015 aiva:

Chinhu Fuel Percent
Electricity Generation Mazimbe, Gasi Remazuva 29%
Kutakura Mafuta, Gasoline 27%
Industry Mafuta, Makemikari 21%
Commercial and Residential Mafuta Anopisa 12%
Zvekurima Zvipfuwo 9%
Masango Inoputika CO2 11%

Mhinduro dzevanhu yekudzivisa

Sangano reUnited Nations rakati kuti kuchinja mararamiro acho, kupisa kwemazuva ose enyika kunofanira kunge kwakagadzirirwa kusvika 2 degrees Celsius pamusoro pematongerwo enyika. Kubva munaFebruary 2016, yevhareji yekupisa yakatopfuura 1.5 degrees pamusoro pehutongi hwematongerwo enyika. Ruzhinji rwevanhu vari kuedza kuderedza kupisa kwemafuta emhepo. Vari kutaurira matanho ekuwedzera kushandiswa kwemhepo yakachena, kusanganisira motokari dzemagetsi.

1992. Sangano reUnited Nations Framework Convention pamusoro pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze rakagadzirwa.

December 11, 1997. Sangano reUnited Nations rakagamuchira Kyoto Protoco l. IEuropean Community uye nyika 37 dzakagadzirwa nedzivimbiso dzakavimbisa kuderedza kupisa kwemafuti emhepo pakati pegore ra2008 ne2012. Kuzvipira kwekutanga kwaive kune 5 muzana pasi pe1990 mazinga. Chikamu chechipiri chokuzvipira chaive kubva muna 2013 kusvika muna 2020. Vakabvumirana kuderedza kusvibiswa ne18 muzana pasi pemakore 1990.United States haina kumbobvumirana nayo.

2008. International Energy Administration yakakumbira nyika kuti dzipedzisire $ 45 triloni mumakore makumi mashanu anotevera kudzivirira kupisa kwenyika kuderedza kuwedzera kwehupfumi. Kuisa izvi nenzira yakajeka, hupfumi hwepasi rose hunongova $ 65 mabhiriyoni pagore.

Izvo zviyero zvinosanganisira kuvaka zvivako zvemanyukliya makumi matatu nemaviri gore roga roga uye kuderedza gasi rekupisa ne50 muzana kubva muna 2050. Izvi zvaizodhura nyika $ 100 mabhiriyoni kusvika ku $ 200 mabhiriyoni pagore gumi inotevera shure kwegore ra2008, uye inokwira madhora 1 triliyoni kusvika $ 2 triliyoni pashure .

Musi waDecember 7, 2009. Environmental Protection Agency yakaona kuti kuwedzera kwemafuro ekupisa kunoparadza hutano hwevanhu . Kubva pane zvidzidzo izvi, EPA yakagadzirisa mitemo yemotokari muna 2010 uye matori muna 2011.

December 18, 2009. UN Climate Summit yakabudisa Copenhagen Accord . Nyika dzakagadzirisa kuti dzipedze kutonhora kwenyika yose inowedzera kusvika 2 degrees Celsius pamusoro pehuwandu hwematongerwo enyika. Mutungamiri Obama akatambudza Mutungamiri weChina Hu Jintao kuti asayine chibvumirano. IEuropean Union , dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira, uye nyika dzakawanda dzichiri kusimukirawo dzakabvumiranawo kusvika.

Mukuwedzera, nyika dzakabudirira dzakabvumirana kubhadhara $ 100 mabhiriyoni gore gore ra2020 kubatsira nyika dzinotambura dzakaparidzirwa zvikuru nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvo zvinosanganisira kutamisa nzvimbo dzinosangana nemafashamo uye kunaya uye kuchengetedza mvura. Nyika dzinobvumirana kupa $ 30 biliyoni mumakore matatu anotevera.

Obama aitarisira nyika dzakabudirira dzinobvumirana kuderedza kusvitsa kwadzo kusvika kuma80 muzana pasi pe1990 mazinga kusvika 2050. Dzimwe nyika dzose, kusanganisira China, dzingaderedza kusvibiswa ne50 muzana. China yakavhara chibvumirano ichocho.

Dzimwe nyika dzakaramba kusayina chibvumirano nokuti United States yakaramba kudarika zvinopfuura 4 kubva muzana zvekubudisa kwayo kubva muna 2020. Rutsoka urwo-rwaikurira rwakaratidzwa kune vazhinji kuti Obama akanga asina kumbozvipira kupfuura Bush administration .

Muna 2010, China yakavimbisa kuti yaizozadzikisa zvinangwa zvemamiriro ekunze mana muna 2020.

  1. Kuderedza kubudisa CO2 ne40 muzana pasi pe2005 mazinga. (97 muzana yakawanikwa muna 2017.)
  2. Kuwedzerwa kushandiswa kwesimba kunoshandiswa kubva pa9,4 muzana kusvika 15 muzana. (60 muzana yakawanikwa.)
  3. Wedzera masango emasango ne 1.3 billion cubic meters. (Yakapedzerwa kubva muna 2017.)
  4. Kuwedzera masango ane mashekeri makumi mana makumi mashanu kubva muna 2005. (60 muzana yakawanikwa.)

Gumiguru 3, 2015. Mutungamiri Obama akasunungura Purogiramu Yakachena yeSimba. Yakagadzirisa zvinangwa zvenyika kuderedza carbon emissions kubva kumagetsi emagetsi ne 32 muzana pasi pe2005 kusvika kuma2030.

December 18, 2015. Chisungo cheParis Chimende chakasayirwa nenyika 195. Vakatsigira kuvhara kupisa kwemafuti emvura kubva kuma26 kusvika ku28 muzana pasi pe2005 kusvika kuma2025. Vakapawo $ 3 bhiriyoni mubatsiro kune nyika dzine urombo kuburikidza ne2020. Izvi zvinowanzoshungurudzwa nekukwira kwemahombekombe egungwa uye nemimwe migumisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Chinangwa chechibvumirano ndechekuchengetedza kupisa kwenyika kubva pakuipisisa imwe 2 degrees Celsius pamusoro pehutongi hwepasi. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti iyo inoputika. Kupfuura izvozvo, uye migumisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze haigoni kuitika.

IUnited States inotarisira 20 muzana yenyika inokonzera carbon. Zvingava zvakaoma kune vamwe vasaini kuti vasvike chinangwa chechibvumirano kunze kwekuUnited States. Asi ivo vari kuedza. Carbon inobhadharwa mumitemo 60 pasi rose. China, Germany, Sweden, neDenmark dziri kutarisa mutero pane nyama. Kupisa gasi kunokonzerwa nemhuka kunopa 14.5 muzana yenyika yose.

Kunyange kana nyika dzose dzichitevera Chibvumirano, kutonhora kucharamba kuchikwira. Mhepo yakadzika ichiri kuitika kune CO2 iyo yakatove yakaputirwa mairi. Greenhouse gases yakawedzerwa nekukurumidza zvokuti kutonhora hakuna kubata zvakare.

Somugumisiro, zviyero zvinoda kuve zvakasimba kuderedza kupisa kwenyika. Mamiriro ekunze anonzi Climate Impact Lab anofanotaura kuti maguta makuru achaona mazuva akawanda ari pamusoro pe-95-degree Fahrenheit. Pakazosvika 2100, Washington DC ichawana mazuva makumi maviri nemashanu anopisa kwazvo gore negore. Ndiyo mazana mana akaenzana yevanomwe akawana kubva muna 1986 kusvika muna 2005.

June 1, 2017. Mutungamiri Trump akazivisa kuti United States ichange ichitora kubva kuParis . Trump akati aida kutaurirana nekutengesa zviri nani. Vatungamiri veGermany, France neItaly vakati mutemo hauna kutenderwa. China neIndia vakabatana nevamwe vatungamiri mukuratidza kuti vanoramba vachizvipira kune chibvumirano. Vamwe vakataura kuti kubuda kweAmerica kubva panzvimbo yeutungamiri kunogadzira chivharo icho China ichakurumidza kuzadza. IUnited States haikwanise kubuda pamutemo kusvikira munaNovember 1, 2020. Izvo zvinoreva kuti ichava nharo mumusarudzo inotevera musarudzo.

Vatungamiri vezvemabhizimisi kubva kuTesla, General Electric, uye Goldman Sachs vakati izvi zvichapa varwi vokunze muganhu mune zvakachena mafashandi emabhizimisi. Ndiyokuti makambani eUnited States acharasikirwa nekutsigirwa nehurumende uye rubatsiro mune izvi makambani.

China iri kutotora kutungamirira mumotokari dzemagetsi. Inenge hafu yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi emagetsi zvinotengeswa muChina. Mirairo yaro uye rubatsiro runotyaira vatengi kure nemotokari dzemotokari. China inoda kuderedza kusvibiswa. Inodawo kuderedza kuvimba nemafuta kunze kwenyika. Asi zvinonyanya kukosha, inoda kuvandudza vanogadzira motokari yenyika. Imusi yemotokari yemotokari yakakura kwazvo, iri kumanikidza vanoita kunze kwemotokari kuti vavandudze maitiro avo emagetsi emagetsi.

November 4, 2016. Chibvumirano cheParis chakatanga kushanda sezvo nhengo makumi mashanu (55) dzakagadza chibvumirano. Izvo zvinoumba 55 kubva muzana zvekushambadzira kwenyika yose.

Gumiguru 10, 2017. Mutungamiri weTrump anorongerwa kubvisa Purogiramu Yakachena yeSimba .

November 8, 2017. IEuropean Union yakabvuma kuderedza carbon-dioxide emission s nemotokari itsva ne30 muzana pakati pe2021 ne2030.

December 12, 2017. Mutungamiri weFrance Emmanuel Macron akaunganidza vatungamiri venyika 50 kune One Planet Summit . Trump akanga asina kukokwa nokuti akasiya kubva pakubvumirana. Sangano racho rinotaura nezvekubhadhara mari yekuchinja kwenyika yose kubva kune zvicherwa.

IUnited States neChina Vanenge Vachiita Half the Problem

Muzvokwadi, chibvumirano chenyika yose hachifaniri kuitika. Mishanu mashanu makuru emitters anokwana 60 muzana emhepo inokonzera carbon. China neUnited States ndiyo yakaipa, pa30 muzana uye 15 muzana, zvichienderana.

India inopa 7 muzana, Russia inowedzera mazana mashanu, uye Japan ine 4 kubva muzana. Kana avo vanonyanya kusvibisa vanogona kudzivisa kusvibiswa uye kuwedzera zvigadzirwa zvezvemagetsi, dzimwe nyika hazvidi kudikanwa kubatanidzwa.

Mahofisi Ari Kudzvora Kudzoka

Zvikwereti 1 000 zvepasi rose zvinopa 12 muzana yemagetsi ekupisa. Muna 2017, 89 muzana vane zvirongwa zvekucheka izvo zvinokonzerwa. Asi hazvina kukwana kusvika kune chinangwa cheUnited 2 degrees Celsius. Kusvika ikozvino, 14 muzana yemakambani ane zvinangwa zvinoenderana nechinangwa. Mumwezve 30 muzana pledge anoita kudaro mumakore maviri anotevera. Makambani ekutsvaga, kufanana neHSBC Holdings neGoldmans Sachs, atanga kutarisa mamwe mabhizimusi emabhizimisi.

Zvatingaita

Kusvikira pane hutungamiri hwehurumende hwakasimba, tinofanira kutanga isu pachedu. Vagari vemazuva ose vezvematongerwo enyika nevadzidzisi vezvemabhizimisi vane zvakaoma kushanda munzira itsva dzokugadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Republican Newt Gingrich, aimbova Mutungamiri weImba, akakurudzira kukosha kwekutsigira zvidzidzo zvezvakatipoteredza mubhuku rake ra2007 "A Contract with the Earth." Kushushikana pamashamba emakambani akawana mamiriro ezvinhu mumatambudziko ndiyo mhinduro yakanakisisa yekuishambidza.

Greenpeace inoratidza kuti tinorega kudya nyama, dairy, uye mazai. Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu izvi zvekudya kunoita kuti 50 muzana yepasi rose inopisa gasi inokonzerwa. Inokonzerawo kudyara kwemvura, sezvo varimi vanojeka-kutemerwa kukura zvirimwa kuti zvifudze mhuka. Inosvibisa nzizi, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo dzakafa mumakungwa dzifambe.