Kunyange zvazvo nguva yemberi kugoverana inopa zvibvumirano zvakagadziriswa kwemwedzi yakatarwa iLME inotengeserana mberi, mikana yakatengeserana yakawanda yekutengeserana haisi mwedzi, asi ndeyekuendesa mazuva 90 mberi.
I-LME ndiyo inonyanya kukosha uye inoshandiswa nevatengi munyika yose sezvo zvibvumirano zvayo zvakagadzirirwa kumhizha; vatengesi vemisika vanogona kuita kana kutora mazuva ose ebhizimisi maererano nekunamatira kwavo pachavo.
Nheyo Dzakadzika Ndidzo Zvivako Zvesangano
Nheyo yezvigadziro ndeyezvivako zvechikwata. Mutengo wokufambisa unowanzotaridza kukura kwehupfumi hwepasi rose kana kupesana. Nokudaro, iyi shamba yemakethe yemari inopa ruzivo rwemamiriro ehupfumi munyika yose. Kwemakumi emakumi emakore, China yakave iyo inonyanya kukosha yevatengesi vemashamba emisika yakapa hurumende yekukura kwehupfumi. Zvisinei, kuderera kwehupfumi hweChina muna 2015 kwakaita kuti dzakawanda zvezvivako izvi zviwisire pakupera kwegore ra2015 uye kutanga kwegore ra2016 kusati kwawanikwa kuwanikwa.
Mukupera kwegore ra2016, chimwe chezvakaitika mumasarudzo ehurumende yeUnited States chaive kuvakazve hurumende yehurumende.
Donald J. Trump akasarudzwa mutungamiri wemakumi mashanu nemakumi matatu nemakumi mashanu emutungamiri wenyika ane ruzivo rwekuvakwa kwemaimba uye Mutungamiri mutsva akapikira rudzi kuti ave muvaki mukuru. Nguva yekupedzisira ikoko yakanga iri huru yekuvaka hurongwa hwekuAmerica yaiva muma1950 pasi pekutonga kweEisenhower.
Zvichida kuti migwagwa yakawanda yepamigwagwa, mabhiriji uye kutakura zvinhu zvakadai sezvikwata zvepamusoro uye zvigaro zvezvitima zvichava chinangwa chikuru chekutonga kweTrump. Mukupindura kwekusarudzwa kweMutungamiri mutsva uye purogiramu yake maitirwo emarudzi akawanda emabhizimisi, kusanganisira zvigadzirwa zvesimbi, akaita sangano rinonakidza. Chimwe nechimwe chezvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvine maitiro uye zvinoshandiswa.
Copper
Mhangura ndeyemari bellwether zvinhu. Mushandi mukuru wemhangura wenyika ndiyo nyika yeSouth America, Chile. Mutengi mukuru kune China. Mhangura ine unhu hwakawanda hunobatsira. Iyo haigadziri uye ine superconductor yemagetsi. Kuvaka, kupopotera, firiji, mweya-airing, cookware, makombiyuta, uye kunyange mishonga inoda mhangura.
Shanduro huru yesimbi ndeyendarira, iri mukugadzirwa kwezviridzwa zvemimhanzi, zvinhu zvokuvaka, zvishongo, uyewo dzimwe mifananidzo. Nzvimbo yekutengeserana yemhangura ndeye LME asi kubudiswa kwe COMEX kweChicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME ) inopa nguva yakatarwa kontrakiti mune tsvuku tsvuku. Chibereko che ETN mumhangura inoshandiswa ku NYSE ndiyo iPath Bloomberg Copper Sub TR ETN- Symbol JJC.
Aluminium
Aluminium ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kwesimbi; iyo inoshandisa iyo yakawanda yakawanda paLME.
Aluminium ndiyo yechitatu yezvinhu zvakawanda pasi rose. Mutungamiriri anotungamirira uye mutengi wealuminium munyika ndeye China. Russia neUnited States uyewo maitiro makuru ekugadzira nyika. Aluminium isimbi yakashandura uye ine simba. Iine zvakawanda zvese zvinoshandiswa mumotokari, motokari, ndege dzezvikwata, mapepa emafisi, matenga, uye mabote.
Aluminium inonyanya kukosha pakugadzirwa kwemafurati emawindo, pende, makanda, tray, mapirasi, mabhodhorovha, mabhuti nemapurasi emasipi, mabhuruti, foni uye magetsi emichina, midziyo yemitambo, zvokudya zvinowedzera, uye kunyange aspirin pamwe nevakawanda vamwe vatengi uye zvivakwa zvekuvaka. I-LME inopa zvose uye aluminium uye aluminium alloy forward contracts. Chibereko che ETN muAluminium inoshandiswa ku NYSE ndiyo iPath Bloomberg Aluminium Sub TR ETN- Symbol JJU.
Nickel
Nickel isirivha-yakachena uye inoyevedza tsvina ine chiedza chiduku chegoridhe uye ndeimwe yezvinhu zviduku zvesimbi zvinoshandiswa paLME. Mutengo we nickel unogona kuva wakaoma zvikuru. Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zve nickel ndechokuti zvinopikisa kurora. Nickel isimbi inoputira dare uye ndarira. Nickel is ferromagnetic, asi magetsi ane simba anoda simbi uye zvisingaoneki pasi zvese, magetsi echinyakare anoshandisa nickel.
Nickel iyo inowanikwawo mukugadzirwa kwemari, girasi, mabheti akadzivirirwa uyewo mamwe mabhota akachengetedzwa. Vhimiri vese vari munyika yose vari China neRussia asi Japan, Canada, Australia, uye Norway vanobudisawo simbi. Kuba mucheki we nickel. China ave ari mutengi mukuru we nickel munyika yose mumakumi emakore achangopfuura nekuda kwezvivako zvekuvaka zvivakovheni.
Mutengo wakawanda weiickel kazhinji unokonzera mutengo wekudzungira mberi nekunze pakati pe contango nekudzokera shure sezvo kushayikwa kwezvokudya uye kugadzikana kunowanikwa musimbi. ILME ndiyo nzvimbo yekutengesa nickel yenyika. Chibereko che ETN mu nickel iyo inoshandisa NYSE iyo iPath Bloomberg Nickel Sub TR ETN- Symbol JJN.
Tungamira
Imwe yezvigadzirwa zvekare zvikuru zvakawanikwa nevanhu yaiva mutungamiri. MuTurkey, chifananidzo chinotungamirira chinodzokera shure kusvika 6,500 BC. Umambo hweRoma hwakashandisa mutungamiri nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakawanda kusanganisira mabhazi, bhuni, zvipfeko uye mapira uye kunyange zvekudya uye midziyo yewaini. VaRoma vaifunga kuti tsvina yakawedzera kunaka kune zvokudya, inowanzobika mukutungamirira mapeti. Zvisinei, kutungamira isimbi inotyisa uye iyo inotinha inounganidza mumuviri munguva inopfuura. Nhengo dzakawanda dzevanhu veRoma vane hutachiona hwekutungamira hutsinye hunotungamirira vatori vezvakaitika kare vakawanda kuti vatende kuti kutungamirira kwaiva chimwe chezvikonzero zvekuderera kweMambo hweRoma.
Mazuva ano, kushandiswa kumwe chete kwekutungamirira kuri mukugadzira mabhetiri asi simbi inoshandiswawo kune mamwe mashizha uye mukuvakwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Mamwe maitiro ekugadzira uye mamwe marudzi ezvombo anoramba ane simbi. Kutungamira kwaive chinhu chinokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwepetori kwemakore mazhinji sezvo nzvimbo iri musimbi inodzivirira injini inogunzva. Zvisinei, nhasi nyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira United States kurambidzwa mumotokari.
Mutori mukuru wekutungamirira munyika ndeye China, Australia, Peru, United States, Canada, uye Mexico. Mutungamiri anotora zvikamu zviduku zvegoridhe nesirivha panguva yekuchenesa kunogadzira simbi. Mutungamiri isimbi inoshandiswa zvakasimba paLME. Chinhu che ETN chiri kutungamira icho chinoshambadzira pa NYSE iyo iPath Bloomberg Lead Sub TR ETN- Symbol LD.
Zinc
Zinc ndiyo yechitatu yesimbi yakatengeswa zvikuru paLME shure kwealuminium nemhangura. Mazana emakore asati awana zinc sesimbi, ndarira uye zinc makemikari anodiwa zinc ores akawanda ayo atinowanikwa mumakiriniki nokuda kwemavanga anozorodza uye maziso akaipa.
Iko kushandiswa kukuru kwezinc kunoenda kugadzirisa simbi sekudzivirirwa kurwisa. Zinc inokoshawo simbi kana ichiuya kumhizha yekufa-nekukanda uye kusungira zinc inoshandiswa mumigodhi, kudenga, mabomba, mari uye kugadzirwa kwemakemikari.
China ndiyo inotungamirira muparidzi munyika uye Peru, Australia, United States, Canada neIndia uyewo inopa nyika ine chinhu chikuru chesimbi gore negore. China ndiye mutungamiri anotungamira weZinc nekuda kwehukuru hwehuwandu hwevanhu uye yezvinodiwa zvekuvaka zvivakovheni. Izvo hazvina mahwendefa emvura eE ETN muU.S. asi, PowerShares DB Base Metals ETF Symbol DBB inosanganisira zinc pamwe nedzimwe nheyo dzese dzinotengeswa paLondon Metal Exchange.
Tin
Tin ndiyo imwe yezvigadzirwa zvekare kupfuura dzose zvakazivikanwa kuvanhu. Ndiyo midziyo isina kunyanya kushandiswa kana kutengeswa zvishoma nezvishoma paLME. Izvo zvisina kufanira zvekutini zvinotungamirira kumutengo mukuru wekushambadzira uye nguva dzekushaikwa uye gluts. Kana zvasvika pamusika wematare, availabilities inguva yemabiko kana nzara gore negore.
Electroplating inoda jasi reini rinoshandiswa kumhangura, aluminium, simbi kana zvimwe zvimbi. Kune dzakawanda zvekushandisa kwemhuri yeatini. Tinowana tini mumishonga yakawanda yemishonga, capacitors muma electrodes, fuse waya, zvombo, fungicides uye pesticides, solder uye pewter. Kunyange mazino ekurapa anoda tiniti fluoride sechinhu chakakosha chokugadzira.
China ndiyo inotakura tini yakawanda munyika asi Indonesia, Peru, Bolivia, uye Brazil inokoshawo vatengesi vensimbi kunyika. Chechipiri chekuchengetedzwa kwetini munyika yose iri muMalaysia; nyika yePenang ndiyo nzvimbo yepamusoro yekutakura minin minin uye yekuchenesa mabasa.
Tin isimbi isina tsvina. Nokudaro, yakatsiva kutungamira uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinosvibisa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda kusanganisira magetsi uye zvombo mumakumi emakore apfuura. China ndiyo inotungamirira mutengi asi America, Japan, neRussia yose inokosha yevatakuri vesimbi. Chinhu che ETN mune zvinotengeserana ne NYSE ndiyo iPath Bloomberg Tin Sub TR ETN- Symbol JJT.
Chengetedza
Isu tose tinofanira kuziva zvishandiso zvesimbi sezvavari kazhinji masimbi anoshandiswa kugadzira mari kana mari. Imwe yezvinetso pakushandisa imwe yezvigadzirwa zvepasi zvesirivha ndeyokuti mutengo wezvinhu izvi zvigadzirwa zvinogona kunge zvisingatauriki pane dzimwe nguva kukosha kwesimbi iri mune mari yemari kunogona kuva kupfuura kudarika kwechiso chemari.
Nheyo yezvigadzirwa ndeyezvivako zvekuvaka zvivako zvepasi rose. Kana iwe ukatarisa pedo neimba yako zvinogona kunge iwe uchawana zvose izvi zvitsotsi zvakakosha. Mhangura iri mumipopi inounza mvura itsva uye inowanikwawo pakombiyuta yako. Aluminium ndiyo imwe yezvigadzirwa zvepamberi mumotokari yako uye mafaira ewindo. Iwe uchawana nickel mu mabhatiri kana mune yakachengeteka kwaunochengetedza zvinhu zvinokosha.
Utungamiri huri mune zvakawanda zvemabhatiriyo uye mikana iripo yakawanda yeti mubhokisi rako refuse pamwe chete nemagetsi eimba yako. Kunze kwemhangura, iyo inoshambadzira pa COMEX, nzvimbo chete inopa mvura uye inoshanda kushambadzira zvibvumirano mune zvigadzirwa zvesirivha ndiro LME. Zvisinei, pane ETF uye ETN michina inodzokorora chiito chemari mune dzakawanda zvezvinhu izvi zvinokosha.
Kunyange zvazvo vatengesi vashomanana vachitengesa zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvakananga, iyo pfungwa yakanaka kutarisa mutengo wekutengesa uye maitiro mune izvi zvigadzirwa zvakanyatsonaka. Nheyo dzesimbi dzinogona kupa mamwe mazano akanaka kupfuura simba kana utera hwehupfumi hwepasi rese. Uyezve, mazhinji emakambani atinoshandisa mukutora inoda mhangura, aluminium, nickel, mutungamiri, zinc kana tineni mumabasa avo ekugadzira. Kana mutengo wezvinhu izvi zvigadzirwa zvichienda kumusoro kana kuderera zvinogona kukanganisa mari yezvinhu zvakatengeswa zvekambani idzi zvinotungamirira kune yakakwirira kana yakaderera mari.