Copper Findings
Kunyange zvazvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvishandiso zvemhangura uye zvishongo zvekushongedza zvichibva kare kusvika 9 000 BC zvakawanikwa, uchapupu hwezvokuchera matongo hunoratidza kuti ndivo vaMeopotamiya vekare, avo vanenge makore 5000 kusvika 6000 apfuura, ndivo vakatanga kugadzirisa zvakakwana kukwanisa kubvisa nekushanda nemhangura .
Kusina ruzivo rwemazuva ano rwemasallurgy, mapoka ekutanga, kusanganisira vaMesopotamiya, vaIjipita uye vaAmerica vaAmerica, vakakoshesa simbi zvikuru pamusana pezvakanaka zvayo zvekunakidza, vachishandisa segoridhe nesirivha yekugadzirisa zvinhu zvekushongedza nemishonga.
Iyo yekutanga yakagadzirirwa kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwemhangura mumasangano akasiyana-siyana ave akangoti:
- Mesopotamiya, munenge muna 4500 BC
- Ijipiti, munenge muna 3500 BC
- China, munenge 2800 BC
- Central America, munenge 600 AD
- West Africa, munenge muna 900 AD
Nguva dzose Kushandisa Copper
Vanotsvakurudza ikozvino vanodavira kuti mhangura yakasvika yekushandiswa nguva dzose kwekanguva - inonzi 'Copper Age' - isati yashandurwa nemhangura. Kushandiswa kwemhangura yebhandi kwakaitika pakati pe 3500 kusvika 2500 BC muWest Asia neEurope, kushandiswa muBronze Age.
Mhangura yakachena inotambura nekunyoroka kwayo, ichiita kuti ishande sechimbo uye chigadzirwa. Asi matanho ekutanga akaedzwa nemaMesopotamiya akaita kuti tigadzirise dambudziko iri: bronze.
Bhronhesi, gorosi yemhangura uye tini , yakanga isingori yakaoma asiwo inogona kurapwa nekugadzira (kuumba uye kuomesa kuburikidza nekunyura) nekukandira (kudururirwa uye kuumbwa semvura).
Iko kukwanisa kubvisa mhangura kubva mumitumbi yemuviri kwakanyatsogadziridzwa ne 3000 BC uye kunotsvaga kushandiswa kwekushandiswa kwemhangura nemhangura alloys.
Lake Van, muArmenia yemazuva ano, ndiyo inowanzobva mumhangura yemhangura yeMesopotamiya midziyo yevashumairi yakashandisa simbi kuti ibudise mapeti, trays, saucers nemidziyo yekunwa. Mhangura nemhangura zvishandisi zvishandiso, kusanganisira chiselisi, mazaya, mahondi, miseve, nemapfumo zvinowanikwa kuti zuva racho kusvika kune 3 mireniyamu BC.
Ikemikari inoongorora bhron inobva munharaunda inoratidza kuti mavara evanhu venguva iyo aiva ne 87% zvemhangura, 10 kusvika ku 11 muzana tini uye shoma shoma, nickel , mutungamiri , arsenic, uye antimony .
Mhangura muEgipita
MuEgypt, kushandiswa kwemhangura kwakanga kuri kuwedzerawo panguva iyo, kunyange pasina chinhu chingareva chero ruzivo rwakananga ruzivo pakati pevanhu vaviri. Mhangura tubes yokuendesa mvura yakashandiswa muTemberi yeMambo Sa'Hu-Re muAbusir yakavakwa munenge muna 2750 BC. Aya maibhu akabudiswa kubva pamashizha emhangura akapfava kusvika pakureba kwemasentimita makumi maviri (75mm), asi pipeline yaive yakareba mamita 100m.
VaIjipita vaishandisawo mhangura uye ndarira yemirazi, mazhenje, zviridzwa, zviyero, uye zviyero, uyewo mabeliski uye zvipfeko zvetemberi.
Maererano nezvinotaurwa neBhaibheri, mbiru huru yendarira, yakareba mamita 1,83m uye yakareba mamita 7.62 mamita imwe yakamira pavhare reTemberi yaSoromoni muJerusarema (munenge muna 900 BCE).
Iko mukati metemberi, panguva iyo, yakanyorwa seine iyo inonzi 'Gungwa reBrazen,' 16,000-gallon yeramoni tangi yakachengetwa nechegumi gumi nembiri dzendarira. Kutsvakurudza kutsva kunoratidza kuti mhangura yekushandiswa mutemberi yaMambo Soloman ingadai yakabva kuKhirbat en-Nahas muJodhani yanhasi
The Near East uye Copper
Mhangura uye, kunyanya, zvinhu zvendarira zvakapararira munzvimbo dzose dziri kumabvazuva uye zvikamu zvepanguva iyi zvakafukurwa mumazuva ano eTurkey, Iran, Greece, neAzerbaijan.
Pakazosvika mireniyamu yechipiri BC, zvinhu zvendarira zvakanga zviri kubudiswawo muzvizhinji zvekuChina. Bronze castings yakawanikwa mukati uye akapoteredza mapurisa eHenan neShaxixi inonzi inotangira bhangura yeChina, kunyange mamwe emhangura uye emhangura anoshandiswa neMaayaayao ave akaverengwa kare 3000 BC.
Zvinyorwa kubva panguva ino zvinoratidza maitiro ekugadzirwa kwemashizha eChina, nehurukuro dzakadzama pamusoro pechiratidzo chaiyo chemhangura neinini yakashandiswa kubudisa mararamiro akasiyana-siyana anoshandiswa pakukanda zvinhu zvakasiyana, kusanganisira mabhawuni nemabhero, majeko, mapfumo, minondo, miseve, uye mirati.
Iron uye Kuguma kweBronze Age
Kunyange zvazvo kukura kwesimbi kunopisa kuguma kweBronze Age, kushandiswa kwemhangura uye ndarira hazvina kumira. Muzvokwadi, pasi pevaRoma yakawedzera kushandiswa kwe, uye kubviswa kwe, mhangura. IRoma inyanzvi yekugadzira hutungamiri inotungamirira kune nzira itsva yekugadzirisa michina yakanyanya kuisa pamusoro pegoridhe, sirivha, mhangura, tini, uye mutungamiri.
Pamberi pacho migodhi yemhangura yomuSpain neAsia Minor yakatanga kushumira Roma, uye sezvo hurumende yakasvika yakawedzera migodhi yakawanda yakabatanidzwa mune ino. Pamusoro penzvimbo yayo, Roma yakanga ichitsvaira mhangura kumativi ekumaodzanyemba seAnglesey, muzuva ranhasi reWales, kumabvazuva kwekumabvazuva seMsia, muTurkey yemazuva ano, kumadokero kumadokero seRio Tinto muSpain, uye inogona kubudisa kusvika 15 000 matare emhangura yakanatswa gore negore.
Chikamu chekudiwa kwemhangura kwakabva kune mari, iyo yakanga yatanga apo madzimambo eGrisi-Bactrian akabudisa mari yekutanga yemhangura ine mhangura kumativi ezana remakore rechitatu BC. Nzira yekutanga ye cupronickel , yemhangura-nickel alloy, yakashandiswa mumari yekutanga, asi mari yekutanga yeRoma yakave yakagadzirwa zvidhina zvendarira yakashongedzwa nemufananidzo wemombe.
Zvinotendwa kuti ndarira , nhengo yemhangura uye zinc , yakatanga kusimbiswa munguva ino (munenge kumazana ezana remakore rechitatu BC), apo kushandiswa kwayo kwekutanga mumari yakawanda yakawanda yaiva muRoma's dupondii , iyo yakabudiswa ikaparadzirwa pakati pe 23 BC ne200 AD .
Hazvishamisi kuti vaRoma, vakapa maitiro avo akawanda emvura uye unyanzvi hwekugadzira, vakashandisa kakawanda mhangura nemhangura mumapuranga zvakabatana zvakabatana, kusanganisira tubing, valves, uye mapumpu. VaRoma vakashandisawo mhangura uye ndarira mune zvombo, helmete, minondo, nemapfumo, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvekushongedza, kusanganisira mabhuku, zviridzwa zvemimhanzi, zvishongo, uye unyanzvi. Kunyange zvazvo kugadzirwa kwezvombo kwaizoguma kuchienda kune zvinhu zvesimbi, zvekushongedza uye zvemitambo zvakaramba zvichiitwa kubva mumhangura, zvendarira, nemhangura.
Sezvo hutambo hweChinese hwakatungamirirwa kumakero akasiyana emhangura, ndizvo zvakaita maRoma emasipirini akavaka zvitsva uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvendarira zvendarira zvakange zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhangura uye zinc kune mamwe maitiro.
Nhaka imwe kubva panguva yemaRoma ndiyo izwi rechiChirungu chemhangura . Izwi rokuti mhangura inotorwa kubva muchiLatini izwi rokuti cyprium , iro rinowanikwa munguva yekutanga yevaKristu panguva yekunyora kweRoma uye zvichida yakabva kune yekuti yakawanda yemhangura yeRoma yakatanga muKupro.
Sources:
Reardon, AC (Muparidzi). Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist . Yechipiri Edition. ASM International (2011).
Smith, B. Webster. Mazana Makumi makumi matanhatu eChipper . UK Copper Development Association (1965)
Copper Development Association Inc. Nhoroondo yeCopper.
URL: https://www.copper.org/education/history/
Science Daily. "Mambo Soloman's Copper Mines?" Gumiguru 28, 2008.
URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081027174545.htm