Chii Chinonzi Kuponesa Nemari? Nhoroondo uye Nhasi

Ndechipi Kusiyana pakati peS & Ls nemamwe mabhangi?

Tsanangudzo: Kuchengetedza uye Mari (S & Ls) mabhengi anozivikanwa akagadzirwa kuti akurudzire imba yeimba inodhura. Vanoshandisa mari iyo inopihwa neFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) kubhadhara mari yekubhadhara mari . Vatsigiri vaida kugamuchira mari yepamusoro yekutora muzvikwereti zvavo nokuti vakange vaine inshuwarheni. Izvi zvakabvumira mabhenji kutengesa mari yepamusoro yezvibereko pamitengo yekutengesa, uye ichiri kubatsira.

S & Ls inoita kuti vagari vemusha vagone kutengesa kuburikidza nekuwedzerwa nguva yekwereti kusvika makore makumi matatu. Izvi zvinoderedza kubhadhara kwedzimwe mwedzi, kunopedza kukosha kwekugadzirisa, uye kunobvumira mhuri kuti dziwane dzimba dzakawanda. .

Nhoroondo

Pamberi Pokuderera Kukuru , zvikwereti zvaiva nemakore mashanu kusvika kune gumi zvaifanira kubhadharwa kana kubhadharwa nebharuti huru yokubhadhara. Pakazosvika 1935, 10 muzana yemisha yese yeUnited States yakanga iri mukutarisa nekuonga nekuda kwemashoko akaoma, uye kuwira kwemaimba emitengo. Kuti amise kuparadza, New Deal akaita zvinhu zvitatu izvi:

1. Mutero weNheyo yeMugove weHome (HOLC) akatenga mamiriyoni ega akaregererwa mari kubva kumabhangi, akazvishandura kuva nguva yakareba, yakagadzirirwa-kutengesa mari yatinoziva nhasi, uye tikaidzorera.
2. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) yakapa mortgage inshuwarisi.
3. Federal Federal Mortgage Association (FNMA) yakaumba misika yechipiri yemari yekubhadhara mari.

Yakagadzirawo Savings uye Mvumo yekubudisa mabheji aya. Iko kushanduka kwaive kuchitarisana nedambudziko rezvemari, asi rakanyanya kukura muimba yeimba muUnited States.

Muna 1944, Veterans Administration yakagadzira purogiramu ye inshuwarheni yekutengesa iyo yakadzikisa pasi kubhadhara. Izvozvo zvakakurudzira varwi vadzo vadzoka kuzotenga dzimba mumasango. Izvozvo zvakasimudzira mari yehupfumi mumakambani ekuvaka pamba.

Mumakore makumi matanhatu nemakumi manomwe nemakumi manomwe, zvinenge zvikwereti zvose zvakabudiswa kuburikidza neS & Ls.

Kutenda kune aya ose emapurogiramu ehurumende, pamba yemusha yakasimuka kubva pa43.6% muna 1940 kusvika 64% muna 1980.

Muna 1973, Mutungamiri Nixon akaita chikwata chekuwedzera kwekutengesa kuburikidza nekubvisa dhora reU.S. kubva pamutengo wegoridhe . S & Ls yaisakwanisa kufarira mazana ekuchengetedza nehuwandu hwekuwedzera, saka vakarasikirwa nemari yavo kumarikiti yemari yemari inogona. Izvozvo zvakasvibisa guta ravaida kuti rigadzire mari shoma shoma. S & Ls yakakumbira Congress kuti ibvise zvigadziriswa.

Muna 1982, Reagan Administration yakapfuura Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act. Iro yakabvumira mabhanga kukura muzvikwereti zvezvibereko pamari yekuchengetedza, kuita zvikwereti zvekutengeserana uye zvevatengi , uye kuderedza chikwereti-ku-kukosa ratios . S & Ls inotengeswa muzvikwata zvekutengesa zvivakwa uye zvikwereti zvebhizimisi. Pakazosvika 1982 na1985, zvinhu izvi zvakawedzera 56%.

Kuparara kwezvikwereti izvi kwakaunza kukanganisa kwehafu yebhanga renyika. Sezvo mabhenji akapinda pasi, hurumende yehurumende uye yeGurumende yakatanga kupedzisa mari yaidiwa kubhadhara mari. (Inobva: Richard K. Green uye Susan M. Wachter, "The American Mortgage in Historical and International Context," University of Pennsylvania, musi waSeptember 21, 2005)

Muna 1989, yekutanga Bush Administration yakabudisa iyo mabhizimisi neChealth Institutions Reform, Recovery, uye Enforcement Act ( FIRREA ).

Yakapa $ 50 mabhiriyoni kuvhara mabhenji akakundikana. Yakagadzirisa Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC) kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvebhangi, uchishandisa mari yekudzorerazve vashandi. FIRREA akarambidza S & Ls pakuita zvikwereti zvinowedzera ngozi. Nokuda kwezvimwe, ona Crisis Savings and Loan Crisis .

Kuponesa uye Mari uye Financial Crisis

Kufanana nedzimwe mabhanga, Savings uye Loans zvakarambidzwa neGoo-Steagall Act kubva pakuisa mari kune vanoisa mari mumatengesi emabhizimisi uye kune huwandu hwehutano hwekuwana mari yakakwirira yekudzoka. IClinton Administration yakabvisa Glass-Steagall kubvumira mabhandi eSouth kukwikwidzana nemabhengi emarudzi akawanda akasununguka. Izvi zvakabvumira mabhangi kushandisa DHC-insured deposits kuti iite mari inowanikwa mumatambudziko.

Kunyanya kuzivikanwa kweiyi ndiko kuchengetwa kwekuchengetwa kwemari . Mabhengi akatengesa zvikwereti kuna Fannie Mae kana Freddie Mac , uyo akabva avatengesa ndokuvatengesa kune vamwe vatengesi pamusika wechipiri .

Mahombekombe mazhinji emari uye mabhanga makuru akadzoka zvakare uye akadzigadzirisa nemari yekugadzirisa pasi. Vaiva inshumo kuti vasakanganiswa nekwereti swaps. Kudiwa kwezvivimbiso izvi kwakange kwakakura zvikuru zvokuti mabhenji akatanga kutengesa zvikwereti kune mumwe nomumwe uye wese.

Zvose zvakafamba zvakanaka kusvikira dzimba dzekugara dzatanga kuwira muna 2006. Sezvakaitwa muDambudziko, vimba vepamba vakatanga kutadza kutora mari yavo, uye misika yose yakagadzirwa yakagumburwa. Kune zvakawanda, ona 2008 Financial Crisis Timeline .

Kuponesa uye Mari Mazuva ano

Muna 2013, kwaiva ne 936 Savings uye Loan, maererano neDFIC. Dare racho rinotarisira chikamu chavo. Nhasi, S & Ls yakafanana nedzimwe bhengi, thanks FIRREA.

Washington Mutual ndiyo yaive yakawanda mari yekuchengetedza uye kubhadhara chikwereti muna 2008. Yakabuda mumari munguva yematambudziko emari apo yakanga isingakwanisi kugadzirisa zvikwereti zvayo pamusika wechipiri, iyo yakanga yawa. Apo Lehman Brothers vakagumburwa, WaMu vakaisa pangozi. Vakasiya $ 16.7 mabhiriyoni pamazuva gumi anotevera. I FDC yakatora WaMu, ikaitengesa kuJPMorgan Chase, ye $ 1.9 mabhiriyoni.