Nzira Yokufambira Mberi muU.SA
Chinhu chikuru chikuru chekufamba zvakanaka chiri kuwedzera kusaenzana kwemari. Asi rudziro runoitawo basa rinokosha, rinopikisa varume vemadimusi vakawanda.
Somugumisiro, United States ine zvishoma zvehupfumi hwekufamba kune dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira.
Chiyero
Kufamba kunoverengerwa kushandisa mari, mari, kana upfumi. Chiyero chinoshandiswa chichapa mhinduro dzakasiyana. Makomba ndiwo mubairo uye mibairo kubva kumabasa ekubhadhara nemabhizimisi, kusanganisira mapurazi. Mari inowanikwa kubva kune zvose zvinyorwa musati yateresi asi shure kwekutsvaga. Inosanganisira mibairo pamwe nemiganhu, zvirongwa zvehurumende, zvakadai seSocial Security, nemari inobva mune zvikwereti. Pfuma ndiyo yakakosha yeimba.
I Federal Reserve Bank yeMinneapolis yakawana kuti iyo yezera ndiyo yaive yakagadzirisa zvikuru yekufamba mune zvose zviyero. Sezvo vanhu vachikwegura, vanowana mabasa ari nani uye vane mari yakakwirira yakakosha. Asi vanhu vakwegura avo vanotora mararamiro vane mari shoma, kunyange zvazvo vangave vane hupfumi hwakanyanya.
Kufamba kunoitwawo kuburikidza nenguva. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinotarisa pakati pevanhu, kana kuti vana vane mari yakakwirira kupfuura vabereki vavo.
Vamwe chete vanofunga nezvekugadzikana, kana kuti kure kurei munhu angaenda muupenyu hwake.
Zvadaro pane kushambadzira kwakakwana, ndeyekuti vana vangangodarika sei mari yevabereki vavo panguva iyoyo. Kufambidzana kunofananidza mumwe munhu kune vamwe. Zvinogona kuva kune dzimwe nyika, marudzi akasiyana, kana vakadzi.
Pathways
Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti kuwirirana kwakanyanya kune imwe chete yemari yakawanda ndiyo dzidzo yevabereki.
Ikutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwakaratidza kuti mari, mari, uye upfumi zvakasimbiswa nedzidzo dzehutano. Yakawana zvakare kuti kosi yeporofesiti yakanga ine pfuma yakawanda yakaenzaniswa nezvikwereti kune avo vasina chikoroji. Vakakwanisa kuchengetedza uye kuisa mari yakawanda yemari yavo.
- Muna 2017, 829 muzana yevanhu vekuAmerica vakanga vane dzidzo yekusekondari. Paavhareji, vakawana $ 712 pavhiki. Avo vasina chikoro chesekondari vakangowana $ 520 pavhiki. Imwe 10 muzana yakanga ine digiridzi yevamwe. Vakagamuchira $ 836 pavhiki.
- Vane 21 muzana nekoroji yegoroji vakagamuchira $ 1,173 pavhiki paavhareji.
- Vapfumbamwe chete muzana vaiva neTenzi, vachiwana $ 1,401 pavhiki. Kunyange vashomanana, 1 muzana, vaiva nedhigiriji yedzidzo, yakadai sechiremba kana gweta. Vakagadzira $ 1,836 pavhiki. Iva 2 muzana yevanhu vanga vari Ph.Ds vakawana $ 1,743 pavhiki.
Mari inowedzera yezvidzidzo inoita kuti nzira iyo iwedzere kune avo vari mumhuri shoma ine mari. Panzvimbo yemugwagwa, zvinotaridzika sebhokisi.
Iboka rine hupfumi hwakaipisisa huri hwevakadzi vaiva vasina kuroorwa nevana. Vaivewo vanowanzova mumatambudziko emari.
Blocks
Pakazosvika 1979 na2007, kusaenzana kwepfuma kwakaparadza hupfumi hwevanhu veAmerica.
Zvipakati pakati pevapfumi nevarombo zvakakura. Mari yemari inowedzera yakawedzera 275 kubva muzana yevakapfuma 1 muzana yemhuri. Yakasimuka 65 kubva muzana yepamusoro wechishanu. Chikamu chechishanu chekutanga chakawedzera 18 muzana. Icho ichokwadi kunyange pashure pe "pfuma kugoverwa." Mune mamwe mazwi, kubvisa mitero yose, uye kuwedzera mari yose kubva kune Social Security , hurumende nezvimwe zvikwereti.
Sezvo vapfumi vakagwinya nokukurumidza, chidimbu chavo chikawedzera. Vakapfuma 1 muzana vakawedzera mugove wavo wemari yose ne10 muzana. Mumwe nomumwe akaona chidimbu chechipiri chichiderera ne 1-2 muzana. Mune mamwe mazwi, kunyange zvazvo mari inowanikwa kuvarombo ichivandudzwa, yakawira mberi shure kana ichienzaniswa nevapfumi.
Dambudziko rezvemari ra2008 rakawedzera kukanganisa. Vafumi vakapfuma kuburikidza nekudzoka. Muna 2012, 10% yevashandi vakadzokera kumusha 50 muzana yemari yose.
Ndiyo yepamusoro yezana mumakore zana apfuura. Vakanyanya 1 muzana vakatora kumba 20 muzana yemari, zvichienderana nekuongorora kwakaitwa naEconomist Emmanuel Saez naTomas Piketty.
Race runoitawo basa. Dema uye vekuAmerica vari mumhuri dzine mari yepamusoro vane mikana yekurasikirwa nemamiriro avo kupfuura Caucasians, Hispanics, kana kuAsia America, maererano nekuongorora kwe 2018. " Race uye Economic Opportunity muUnited States: Maonero Evanhu Vakasiyana-siyana " yakaratidza kusawirirana kwemarudzi mune mari kubva muna 1989 kusvika 2015.
Vana vakachena vane vabereki vari munhare yepamusoro yekugoverwa kwemari vane 41.1 mukana wekugara ikoko sevakuru; kune vana vokuPastia, chiyero chiri 30.6 muzana, uye nokuda kwevana vokuAsia-America, 49.9 muzana.
Asi kuvana vemafuro, ndezve 18 muzana chete, uye kuAmerican vana vana 23 muzana bedzi. Vane mukana wakafanana wokuwira pasi pechishanu chekugoverwa kwemari kuti varambe vari muchishanu chepamusoro.
Kusiyana naizvozvo, kukwira kumusoro kwevana vakaberekerwa muzasi kwechishanu chekupararira kunonyanya kukwirira pakati pevatsvene kudarika pakati pevatema kana vokuAmerica vana veIndia. Pakati pevana vakakurira muchikamu chechishanu chekupararira, 10,6 muzana yevatsvene vanoita kuti ive yepamusoro yechishanu yemari yemhuri, ivo vanoita 25.5 muzana yeAsia-America. Kusiyana neizvi, chete 7.1 muzana yevana vokuInpanishe vanoberekerwa muchechi yechishanu vanoita kuti ive yepamusoro wechishanu, pamwe ne 3.3 muzana yeAmerican vana vana uye madzimai maviri muzana yevana vemavara.
Izvo zvisingabatsiri zvinotyisa pakati pevarume. Varume vane ruvara vanoberekerwa mumhuri pamakore makumi manomwe nemakumi maviri emakiriyoni emari yekugoverwa kwemhepo, pamwero, 12 percentiles pasi pevarume vachena vakaberekerwa mumhuri dzakagadzikana zvakafanana. Vakadzi vemaCaucasian neCaucasian vanowanzopfuura varume kuti varambe vari mumutengo wavanowana ivo. Asi vakadzi vemadzinza ose maviri vanowana zvishoma kudarika varume.
Somugumisiro wezvinhu zvose izvi zvinodzivirira, vazhinji veAmerica havadi kutsvaga mberi. Muchidzidzo che 2017, 85 muzana yevakapindura vakanyanya kunetseka nekusara shure. Inenge makumi mana kubva muzana yeavo vakaongororwa vakanga vasingakwanisi kutenga $ 500 mari yakaoma. Vaifanira kuenda kune shamwari kana mhuri kuti vanyore bhiri risina kutarisirwa iro rinokura. Chimwe chikonzero chikamu chimwe chete chevashandi veAmerica vanoita zvishoma kudarika $ 10 paawa. Vari kurarama pasi pehurumende yehurumende yehurombo . Kuisa pfungwa dzavo pamusana pekugara kwenguva pfupi kwemari kunovadzivisa kutsvaka zvinangwa zvenguva refu.
United States Inofananidzwa kune dzimwe nyika
IUnited States ine mitengo yakaderera yekuwana mari kune dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira. America nhamba dzezasi pasi peFrance, Germany, Sweden, Canada, Finland, Norway neDenmark. Vatsvakurudzi vakagumisa kuti pfungwa yeAmerica senyika yemukana yakashata.
Nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika Richard Wilkinson akataura kuti, "kana veAmerica vachida kurarama muAmerica kurota, vanofanira kuenda kuDenmark." (Zvinyorwa: Jo Blanden, Paul Gregg naStephen Machin, "Intergenerational Mobility muEurope neNorth America," April 2005. "Kusaruramisira Kwezvematongerwo Enyika Kunopisa Sei Society," TED Talks, July 2011.)
Mobility uye American Dream
Chikamu chepakati peAmerica chine mukana wakaenzana wemukana wekutamira muchikoro chepamusoro. Asi zvakaoma zvikuru kufamba munzira yose kubva kune varombo kusvika kune vapfumi. Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti pane kuderera kwemukatikati kwevanhu kune vakawanda veAmerica vanotenda. Izvi zvinoenderana ne "Kuenda Pamberi Kana Kurasikirwa Pasi: Economic Mobility muAmerica," naRon Haskins, Julia Isaacs naIsabel Sawhill.
Somugumisiro, pfungwa yezvipfeko-kune-pfuma mune chimwe chizvarwa haisisiri chikamu chechokwadi cheAmerican Dream . IAmerica Dream ndiyo inofanirwa kuti hurumende inofanira kuchengetedza mukana wega wega wega kuti aite pfungwa yake yekufara. Vabereki Vokutanga vakazviisa muBumbiro reMitemo.
Vanoisa mutemo wechinangwa chekushandura pfungwa kuti chido chomumwe nomumwe chekutsvaka mufaro haisi kungozvifadza. Yaiva chikamu chezvinhu zvinoita kuti chido nechinangwa chivepo. Nokudzivirira zviri pamutemo izvi zvinodiwa, vakasika sangano rakakwevera avo vanoda upenyu huri nani. Asi kuderera kwehupfumi hwehupfumi kunotyisidzira iyo kurota.