Mahofisi eBonds Anoshanda Sei?

Zvine Zvinotyisa Zvinotyisa

Kusungwa kweMaspala ndivo vatengi vanozvipa mari kune hurumende dzenharaunda. Izvo zvinobudiswa nemaguta, inotaura, matare, kana humwe hurumende dzenharaunda. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, chikwereti chavanobhadhara pazvisungo zvinowanzoshaya mutero.

Kusungwa kweMasisheni ndeyekuchengetedza . Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti muridzi wepakutanga angatengesa kune vamwe vashandi pamusika wechipiri. Mutengo unogona kuchinja kunyange zvazvo chido chekufarira chisati chaita.

Iyo yemasisheni bond market ndiyo $ 3.7 trillion.

Makumi makumi matanhatu-izana yeiyo ndeyomubatanidzwa wezvisungo zvese. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti masuwa anofanira kubhadhara ivo vachishandisa mitero yemari ikozvino.

Anenge makumi mana kubva muzana emashamba emashamba ehurumende ndeyekusungirwa mari. Mutaundi anotsiva avo vane mari kubva kune imwe nzvimbo. Izvo zvisungo zvinowanzobhadhara mapurojekiti ekugadzira mari. Iko kunosanganisira nzira dzekutambisa migwagwa, mitambo yemitambo, kana zviitiko zvinotsigirwa neguta. Kana iyo inowanikwa mari inowanika, masuwa haafaniri kubhadhara. Rudzi rwechitatu rwezvisungo zvinogadzirwa panzvimbo yezvikwata zvemunhu oga nechinangwa chevanhu. Dzinosanganisira zvikoro zvisingabatsiri uye zvipatara. Masuwa anongoronga kutengeswa kwezvisungo. Hazvirevi pamatokari aya kana sangano rega rega risingabhadhari.

Maitiro Avanoita

Masangano eMaspala anotora chikwereti kune vatengesi, kazhinji kaviri pagore. Bond issuers vanobhadhara mukuru wechibvumirano musi wekushandira kwekuzvisunga. Ndiyo imwe chete kune mitatu kwemakore mashoma emisungo, uye makore gumi kana kupfuura kwezvisungo zvenguva refu.

Kusungwa kweMaspala kunoshanda zvakanyanya kune vashandi vanoda mari yemutero usingabhadhari. Iko inowanzova vatengesi mune imwe yepamusoro-kubhadhara mutero. Somugumisiro, vane zvishoma zvishoma zvekuda mari kune zvikwereti zvisingabhadharwi. Iwe unogona kuzvitenga zvakananga kubva kune mutengesi wemasitereji akatengesa musungwa. Iwe unogonawo kuvapa ivo nenzira isina kukodzera kuburikidza nemunishuwarenzi musangano.

Munguva yakapfuura, maguta mashomanana akaregererwa. Kusungwa kweMaspala kunofungidzirwa sengozi yakanyanya. Vazhinji vanhu vemunishuwarenzi vane zvikwata havazvitengesi munguva yehupenyu hwehutano. Zvisinei, avo vanowana mutengo wezvisungo pachawo kuchinja zvichibva pakugovera uye kudiwa mumusika.

Zvine Zvinotyisa Zvinotyisa

Muna 2014, maimbova Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker akanyora nezvemakore matatu achidzidza nezita rakakosha: "Final Report yeHurumende yeBhudha Crisis Task Force." Zvakawanikwa zvaro zvaingova zvinotyisa. Dare racho rakafumura zvikanganiso zvehupfumi mune zvehupfumi nehurumende zviri kuwedzera. Icho chinomiririra kutyisidzira kwemazuva ose kumasuo ehurumende. Pazvakaipa zvacho, zvinogona kukonzera imwe dambudziko rezvemari.

1. Mipiro kuvashandi vemari yepensheni haiti kukwana kuvhara mari yakatarwa yekubhadhara kune vakasiya mari. Maguta ane zvisarudzo zvitatu zvakashata. Vanofanira kukwanisa kutora mitero, kuderedza kushandiswa pane mamwe mabasa, kana kuderedza zvikwereti.
2. Shanduro yakakura yehurumende yehurumende ndeyeMedicaid.Zvino mari yehutano iri kuwedzera, iyo inogona kudonha muhurumende yekuwana-kugoverana nemaguta.
3. Maguta nematunhu ari kupa zvibvumirano kuti zvivhare ikozvino mari yekushandisa.
4. Vari kutengesa zvinhu zvekubhadhara mari yekushandisa.

Somugumisiro, havana mari yekutsvaga muzvivako zvitsva.

Icho chinosanganisira migwagwa, mabhiriji uye zvivako. Inosanganisirawo dzidzo nemamwe mabasa.

Maitiro aDetroit's Bankruptcy Akashandura Mutambo weMasimba Bondholders

Musi waJuly 18, 2013, guta reDetroit rakaiswa muChitsauko 9 kubhadhara pa $ 18,5 mabhiriyoni mune chikwereti. Yaiva guta guru reAmerica kutora chiito ichi chisingaiti. Detroit yakashandisa kubhadhara kuti irege kushandiswa pamusoro wayo wose kusungirwa zvisungo. Yakati haina chakanga chava nemari yekubhadhara nokuda kwezvisungo. Vanokweretesa nevatsigiri vakaisa $ 7 biliyoni murasi. Vakagamuchira pakati pemadhora gumi nemana nemana makumi manomwe nemakumi mashanu nemadhora, zvichienderana nerudzi rwekusungwa. Mari yepenjeni yakabvumirwa kushanwa 6.75% kudzoka. Icho chakanga chiri pasi kudarika zvavaimbova nazvo, asi zvakadaro huwandu hwekudzoka hwakaenzaniswa nedzimwe mari dzisina mari. Icho chaiva chekudzoka kwe4,5 muzana chakachekwa kuongororwa kwegore negore, kuguma kwemari-ye--kuwedzera kuwedzera, uye mishonga yepamusoro yehutano.

Detroit ichapedza $ 1.7 mamwe mabhiriyoni pamabasa. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuvandudza 911-kupindura nguva. Detroit yemavhareji yaiva nemaminitsi 58, achienzaniswa nemaminitsi gumi nemana masereji. Kunyange zvazvo kubhadhara kuri kupindura chikwereti chazvino, Gavhuna weMichigan Rick Snyder akati yaiva makore makumi matanhatu pakugadzira. Yakawedzererwa nehutano hwemari ye 2008 .

Kutonga kwacho kunotora nguva yakareba kuhupfumi hweUnited States kuburikidza nekugadzirisa zviitiko zvepasi. Icho chikuru chakakonzerwa nenyaya yaive ndiani achabhadhara mutengo. Ichava vashandi kana vashandi vomuguta, kana iye zvino vari kushandiswa kana kuti vakasara? Kana kuti ichava vagari vemo here?

Vashandi vehurumende vanoti vanomanikidzwa kubhadhara kupfuura chikamu chavo chakanaka. US Bankruptcy Mutongi Steven Rhodes akawana kuti guta rinofanira kubhadhara mari yepensheni uye kusungwa zvakaderedzwa nemitemo ye Federal Federalruptcy. Akaramba achibvumidza chirongwa cheD Detroit, chakamanikidza vashandi kuti vatore kudhura kukuru. Ndizvo zvaaida kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti chirongwa chacho chakanga chichishanda. Stockton, CA, yakachengetedzawo vateresi vayo, vashandi, uye vashandirwi kupfuura izvo zvakaitwa nevashandi. Vatsoropodzi vakanyevera kubhadhara kunogona kukwidza kukwidziridzwa kwemari yemaguta enyikawide. (Chinobva: "Kuronga Kubuda Kunoita Bhuku Rinobudiswa Rakazobvumirwa neDetroit," New York Times, musi waNovember 7, 2014. "Detroit Bankruptcy Akadzidziswa Muni Investors Zvidzidzo Zvinotyisa," Bloomberg, Svondo 6, 2014. "Detroit Files for Bankruptcy," Detroit Free Press , Nyamavhuvhu 19, 2013. "Bhizimisi Vatungamiri Havatarisi Maitiro Akawanda," Detroit News, July 18, 2013.)

Iyo Inokubata Sei Iwe

Detroit's bankruptcy inogona kupedzisa kukwidziridzwa kwehuwandu hwemari muzvivako zvitsva zvemasuo emaguta ose. Ndiko kana vashandi vehurumende vachida kuti vadzokezve kune ngozi yakawanda yekushandiswa kwemasisita.

Kana izvi zvikaitika, hurumende dzaunenge uine iwe dzinogona kuderedza kukosha nokuti zvisungo zvitsva zvichabhadhara zvakawanda. Vazhinji vatsvakurudzi havangafungi kuti zvichabata mahofisi emashamba emisika. Ndizvo zvakaita kuti vashandi vakawanda vanoziva kuti maguta akawanda haasi muhutano hwakafanana neDetroit.

Nzira yakanakisisa yekuzvidzivirira ndeyokudzokorora guta uye inotaura mari zvakanaka. Nyatsoteerera kuti vanobhadhara sei kushandiswa kwemari yavo, kusanganisira mapeneni emangwana. Iwe unofanirwa kutarisa zvinopfuura kungoita chikwereti-kukosha kwechibvumirano pachako.

Kunyange kana iwe usingaiti mari mumasungwa emasungwa, ramba uine ziso kunze kwezvinyorwa pamusoro peguta ripi neripi nehurumende kubhadhara. Chidzidzo chacho chakanyevera kuti zvinetso zveDetroit zvakagoverwa munyika yose.

Mitauro: Treasury Bills, Notes uye Bonds | Savings Bonds | I Bonds | Corporate Bonds | Bunk Bonds?