Chii chaiva chirongwa chokutanga chepensheni?
Chimiro, zvisinei, chakanga chisiri chitsva. Varwi vakashanda muRoma yekare vaibvumirwawo mari mushure mekunge vabuda mutirano. (Kutaura zvazviri, imwe nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika inofunga kuti hondo iri kukura yakatungamirira kumari yepfuma isina mari, iyo yakatungamirira pakuwa kweRoma.) Panewo uchapupu hwepensheni inopiwa kuvashandi vehurumende munhau yose.
Public Sector Pension Plans
Imwe yepenisheni yehurumende muUnited States yakasimbiswa neAmerican Express Company muna 1875. Isati yakadaro, makambani mazhinji aiva mabhizimisi maduku kana emhuri. Chirongwa chakashandiswa kune vashandi vakanga vambova nekambani kwemakore makumi maviri ebasa, vakanga vava nemakore makumi maviri nemakumi matanhatu uye vakanga vakurudzirwa kuti vabate basa nemutungamiriri uye vakabvumirwa nekomiti pamwe nebhodhi revatungamiri. Vashandi vakazviita vakagamuchira hafu yemari yavo yegore pamubhedha , kusvika kusvika kuma $ 500, maererano neBusiness of Labor Statistics.
Bhizinesi uye makambani emigwagwa vaiva pakati pevokutanga kupa pensions kuvashandi vavo.
Asi nekutendeka kwezana ramakore rechi20, makambani makuru akawanda akatanga kukura uye kupa mapensheni. Izvi zvaisanganisira Standard Oil, US Steel, AT & T, Eastman Kodak, Goodyear naGener Electric, avo vose vakanga vagamuchira zvirongwa zvepensheni vasati vasvika 1930. Makambani ekugadzirwa kwezvinhu aive ekupedzisira kugamuchira zvirongwa zvitsva zvekurega basa.
Mutemo weInternal Revenue Act we1921 wakabatsira kukurudzira kukura, nekuregeresa zvipo zvakagadzirwa kune vashandi pensions kubva muhurumende yemutero wemari.
Mishandirapamwe yevashandi muma1940 yakatanga kufarira zvirongwa zvepenheni uye yakasimudza kuwedzera zvipo zvakapiwa. Pakazosvika 1950, vaAmerica vanenge mamiriyoni gumi-kana makumi maviri nemakumi mashanu evashandi vega vega - vaiva nepenjeni. Makore gumi gare gare muna 1960, inenge hafu yevashandi vega vega vakave neye.
Mushure mokunge mapepa mashomanana akatanga kutadza, hurumende-yakagadzirirwa Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) muna 1974 yakaita zvirongwa zvepensheni zvakachengeteka zvakanyanya nekugadzirisa kutongerwa kwepamutemo, kubhadhara uye kujekesa zvinodiwa. Usingarevi mazano ekugadzira, kuvhara purogiramu yekugadzirira kusvika mukati memakore gumi kana pasi. Ne ERISA akauya Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation , iyo inoita kuti vashandi vabatsirwe kana chirongwa chepenjere chinokundikana.
Pension = Inotsanangurwa Bhuku Rinobatsira
Imwe rudzi rwehupfumi hwakavimbiswa yakasvika pakuzivikanwa sechitsanangudzo chinorondedzerwa. Vashandi vainyatsoziva kuti vaizowana mari yakawanda sei pamubhedheni nokuti yakanga yakatsanangurwa nemadhora akawanda kana kuti muzana wemari. Ichi chaiva chimwe chinhu chisati chaita kuti munhu asunungure aigona kuronga hupenyu huripo. Uye vashandi avo vaida kuchengetedza mari yakawanda yavo pachavo vanogona kudaro, asi mari yega yega yekusimwa mari yakawedzera kubhadharo yepenheni uye Social Security .
Zvirongwa zvinorondedzerwa zvibvumirano zvakasiyana zvikuru nezvakazouya pashure: zvinorondedzerwa zvirongwa zvezvipo. Muzvirevo zvakatsanangurwa zvirongwa, kusanganisira 401 (k) zvirongwa, 403 (b) zvirongwa, zvirongwa 457, uye Zvigadziro Zvokuchengetedza, mushandi anoita zvakawanda zvezvipo muurongwa uye anotungamirira masimba mukati. Zvirongwa izvi zvakapinda mumufananidzo mumavambo ekuma1980, chipo chekubhadhara mutero kune vashandi vakabhadhara zvikuru avo vaida kuvanda zvakawanda zvebhadharo yavo kubva pamitero. Asi sezvo ivo vakawana mukurumbira, 401 (k) s nezvimwe zvinorondedzerwa zvipo zvinokurumidza zvakapfuura mari yakatsanangurwa yepenjeni sechirongwa chekusarudza kumakambani makuru emabhizimisi ega.