Iyi kukunda-kukunda urongwa hwaive hwaro hwekubudirira kwehurongwa hwekuchengeta mari uye inotsanangura kuti sei, kunyange nhasi, vanogara vari zvipo zvakakurumbira uye zvikwereti.
Zvisiri Zvekutengeswa Zvisungo: Chii Chakaita Kuti Zvikwereti Zvokuchengetedza Zvive Zvimwe
IUnited States yakagara ichikwereta chikwereti, ichienda kure kure seRevolutionary War. Izvi zvisungo, zvisinei, zvakatengesa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti avo avo vakapa chikwereti mari kune hurumende mukutsinhana kwechibvumirano chaibhadhara chikwereti chingazotevera kutengesa kusungirwa kwechimwe chikwereti pasina hurumende iri kubatanidzwa mune zvekutengesa. Kana zvikwereti zvinodarika zvaive zvakanyanya, mutyairi aifanira kutengesa bhadha pamusana pekutsvaga kuti aite nokuda kwekuti yakanga iri kuwana mari shoma kudarika zvitsva zviripo. (Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinyorwa zvekutsvaga mari muzvisungo; kana chido chekuwedzera chichiwedzera, hutengo hunowa uye visa versa.) Nguva yakareba yehutano huripo (kureva, kana bvumirano yaifanira kubhadharwa zvakakwana uye kubhadhara mari inobviswa) , hukuru hwe "nguva" yehutano.
Iyo yakawanda nguva yakakura, inowedzera nechisimba mutengo wehutano wakapindurwa kune kuchinja muzvikwereti.
Kune vashandi vashoma, iyi yakanga isiri mamiriro akanaka. Mumwe murimi kana mudzidzisi angada nzvimbo yekuisa mari yavo kusvikira vaida kuti vabhadhara mari yekudzidzira, kuvaka gumba, kana kupa chipo kune vana pawanano.
Kushambadzira kwezvisungo zvekutengeserana kwakaunza chinetso chakasiyana. Zvechokwadi, boka guru rekambani raigona kukwanisa kutora njodzi yakadai, asi iyo yevashandi vese haina kufarira kutarisa kukosha kwezvisungo zvavo zvinoshanduka.
Apo Munyori Henry Morgenthau, Jr, akavaka purogiramu yekusunga mari yeUnited States, aida kusungirwa imwe neimwe yekusachengetedza kuti irege kushambadzirwa. Izvozvo zvaireva kuti vatengesi havana kukwanisa kutengesa zvikwereti zvekuchengetedza kune vamwe vatengesi. Pane kudaro, zvisungo zvekuchengetedza zvaireva chibvumirano pakati pemutengi wepakutanga nehurumende yeUnited States. Ichi chibvumirano hachikwanise kuchinjwa. Mukutsinhanisa, zvisungo zvekuchengetedza hazvizombotauri zvinokosha. Vashandi vanogona kukwanisa kutenga mari muzvisungo zvavo zvekuchengetedza uye vagogamuchira mukuru wavo wepakutanga anowanikwa mari, pamwe neipi inowanikwa chikwereti. Yakabatanidzwa nechivimbiso chekuti mari yakasikirwa yakachengetwa inogona kudzorerwa zvakare kana kuchinjwa, purogiramu yakave yakakurumbira pakarepo.
"Baby Bonds" - National's First Savings Bonds
IUnited States yakabudisa zvibvumirano zvayo zvokutanga muzvikamu zvina zvakatevera-Series Series A kuchengetedza zvikwereti, Sungano B yekuchengetedza mabhengi, Chikamu C kuchengetedza kuchengetedza, uye Sangano D rekuchengetedza D - zvose izvo zvakasikwa uye zvakatengeswa kubva muna 1935 kusvika muna 1941. "Izvi zvisungo zvevana ", sezvo kusungirwa kwekutanga kwekuchengetedzwa kwekudaidzwa, kwakatengeswa kuvashambadziri mumachechi kubva pa $ 25 kusvika ku $ 1 000, nokuda kwe75% yezviso zvakatarisana nehuwandu hwe 100% hwemaziso anotarisana zvakagamuchirwa pakukura kwemakore gumi gare gare.
Izvi zvakaguma ne 2.9% mazana emakero yegore rekudzorera kune vadzidzisi vezvisungo zvekuchengetedza. Izvisungo izvi zvakaguma kuwana mari yezvibereko zvachose munaEpril 1951.
Iyi Mhemberero A kuburikidza neD Dhudziro dzekuchengetedza dzakatengeswa kuburikidza nemahofisi emahofisi, kwete mabhengi sezvisungo zvezuva ranhasi rekuchengetedza, pamwe chete nekushambadzira kwemaseri uye mamwe mabhuku emagazini. Iko kusungirwa kwekutanga kokutanga kwakabudirira zvikuru zvokuti vakakwidza madhora mabhiriyoni mana. Kugadziriswa nokuda kwekuwedzera kwezvinhu , izvi zvinodarika $ 60 mabhiriyoni nhasi. Izvi zvakaratidza kamwechete uye nezvose kuti pfungwa yekupa zvikwereti zvisingakwanisiki, kushambadzirwa kwemakachengetedzwa ekuchengetedzwa kwemari kune vashandi vashomanana yaiva nzira inobatsira yekushandira rubatsiro rwevanhu vose, panguva imwecheteyo kusimbisa hurumende.
Kuguma kweBond Bonds uye Kubva kweChinyorwa E Kuchengetedza Bonds
Pakati peHondo Yenyika II, iri kutarisana nekukwira kukuru kwechikwereti chenyika, Dhipatimendi reMariki yakaona kuti inoda kuumba mari yakawanda yekubhadhara mari uye yakasarudza kuwedzera kuwanda kwepurogiramu yekusunga mari.
Nyaya D A kusvika D dzisungo dzekuchengetedza dzakaiswa pakuguma uye Sangano E E kuchengetedza yakaiswa, nevanozvipira kubva kuHollywood nyota, mapepanhau, mabhengi, vatungamiri vemunharaunda, uye mamwe mhizha vachishanda nesimba kukurudzira vagari veAmerica kuti vashandise muzvisungo zvekuchengetedza kubatsira kubhadhara hondo. Vatongi vanobva kumakambani makuru eAmerica vakashanda zvakaoma kuti vashandi vabatise purogiramu yekubhadhara mari yezvisungo, izvo zvaizovabvumira kuchengetedza zvikamu zvekubhadhara kwavo uye mari yacho inotengeswa pakarepo muzvisungo zvitsva zveE Series E.
Maererano neUnited States Treasury, zvitsva zvitsva zvekuchengetwa kweE Series E zvaimbozivikanwa se "Defense Bond" muna 1941, "War Bond" kubva muna 1942 kusvika muna 1945, uye gare gare, kungosungirwa bhadha. Mukati memakore mashomanana ekutaurirana kwaro, hutano hutsva hwekuchengetedza hwakava huwandu hwakawanda hwakaitwa uye hunozivikanwa mukutsvaga munhoroondo yenyika. Mazana emamiriyoni emhuri dzeAmerica akashandisa mari yavo kuisa muChitsa E kuchengetedza.
Mutsara yekutanga E zvikwereti zvekuchengetedza zvakabudiswa nemakore gumi nemakore ekuwedzera asi akazoendeswa kune makore makumi matatu kana makumi mana zvichienderana nekutongwa kwezuva. Sokupedzisira Series E zvisungo zvakarongerwa kurega kuwana chido muna 2010. Muna 1980, zvisungo zveE Series E zvakagumiswa uye zvakatsiviwa neE Series EE kuchengetwa zvisungo , izvo zvichiri kubudiswa nhasi.
Zvimwe Mhemberero dzeBhengi Bonds dzakabudiswa
Munhoroondo yose yenyika yacho, humwe hutano hwekuchengetedza hwakabviswa. Nhungamidzo F dzinosungirwa zvigadziro uye zvigaro zveChechi G zvekuchengetedza zvakasunungurwa kubva muna 1941 kusvika muna 1952. Nyaya Y naJ Series Series K yakachengetwa zvikwereti zvakabuda pakati pa1941 na1957. Savings Notes, inozivikanwawo seFree Shares, yakabudiswa kubva muna Chivabvu 1967 kusvika munaOctober 190. Nhungamidzo H Kusungirwa kwekuchengetedza, izvo zvakabvumira Series E kuchengetedza zvikwereti kuchengetedza zvisungo zvavo, zvakabudiswa pakati peJune 1952 naDecember 1979. Zvisungo zveChechi H zvakachengetwa zvakasimudzwa neChitsuwa HH chekuchengetedza zvibvumirano munaJanuary 1980 uye zvakaramba zvichienda kusvika munaAugust 2004, pavakagumiswa. Nyaya Yenyaya dzekusungira mari dzakatangwa muna 1998 uye dzinoramba dzichiendeswa nhasi.