Bank Reserve Ratios uye Zvavanoreva
Mari yebhengi iyo inowanzoshandiswa semari yemitemo yezvigadziriswa, sezvo mitemo ichishandura mari inowanikwa iyo mabanki anofanira kuita zvikwereti.
Reserve zvinodawo zvakagadzirirwa kubatsira kuchengetedza mari yebhangi kubva pakarepo inonaya mune zvisiri izvo zvingaguma nematambudziko akawanda emari . Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika, kufanana neUnited States neAustralia , dzisina zvidikanwi zvekuchengetedza, vamwe- seBrazil-vane 20 muzana yekuchengetedza zvido, nepo Rebhanoni ine 30 muzana yekuchengetedza zvido zvebhengi.
Vashandi vanofanirwa kuziva nezvekusiyana kwebhengi reserve ratios munyika dzakasiyana siyana uye kuwedzera kwebhanhire ravo guru kuti vachinje.
Migumisiro yeMari yeMitemo
Nyika dzakawanda dzekuMadokero dzinodzivisa kushandura kuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedza, sezvo zvingakonzera dambudziko rekushaya mvura pakarepo kana mabhangi kuti ave nehuwandu hwezvakawanda zvekuchengetedza. Nyika idzi pane kushandisa mabhizimisi akazaruka, zvakadai sekuwedzera kwekuwedzera , kutevedza mutemo wavo wemari. Nzvimbo inowanikwa muUnited States yave yakagadzirirwa pa10 muzana yekutengesa mari uye zero muzana panguva yakachengetwa kwemakore mazhinji.
Kushandiswa kwe reserve ratios mumatongerwo emari kunowanzoonekwa mumisika inotanga kubuda . Semuenzaniso, China yakashandisa zvigadziro zvekuchengetedza senzira yekurwisana nehupfumi, sezvo kuvamutsa kunoderedza mari yawanikwa. Kutaura zvazviri, China yakanga yashandisa urongwa uhwu muhuwandu hwehupfumi hwepasi rose muna 2007 ne2010 kukurudzira nekuodza mwoyo kukweretesa.
Ngatitarisei muenzaniso webhengi rekuchengetwa kwehuwandu inobata hurongwa hwemari:
Bhengi ine $ 10 Mamiriyoni muzvikwereti inofanira kuchengetedza $ 1 mamiriyoni muzvigadziro, kana bhajeti reserve yevheji iri 10 muzana, izvo zvinoreva kuti $ 9 mamiriyoni chete anowanikwa kuti akwanise kubhadharwa semari yebhadharo yebhangi. Kuderedza bhajeti rekuchengetwa kwebhengi kwawedzera kuwanda kwemari inowanikwa kuti inokweretwa mubhengi, pamwewo kana ichiwedzera mubhengi reserve ratio.
Kubudirira kwekuchengetedzwa kwemari semari yemitemo yezvigadzirisiti zvinogona kushandiswa, asi hapana mubvunzo kuti pane zvishoma zvinogadzirisa pamusika munguva pfupi kusvika pakati. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwe reserve ratios kwave kusingabatsiri muU.S. uye dzimwe dzakawanda dzakashambadzirwa misika , sezvo vatongi vakasiya ivo vachifarira kuwanda kwehuwandu uye dzimwe nzira dzisina kurongeka. Izvi zvinyorwa zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya munguva ya2008 kusvika ku9 matambudziko emari enyika muUnited States neEurope.
Migumisiro paAsks uye Bonds
Mhedzisiro yekuchengetwa kwechigarire kuchinjwa pamatokisi uye zvisungo zvinonyanya kusanganisa kwakashata kwekuchinja kune chido chekuda . Nhamba yepamusoro yekutora inowanzokuvadza vatengesi kubva muzvikwereti zvinotarisana zvakasiyana nezvisungo zvezvisungo.
Misika yemabhizimisi inowanzoitawo zvisina kunaka kune yepamusoro yemari yemari sezvo inowedzera mari kune makambani kuwana mari.
Semugumisiro, kukwidziridza zvigadziro zvinowanzoshungurudza matanda maviri uye zvisungo uye kuderedza zvigadziro zvinowanzodiwa zvinowanzobatsira mashizha uye zvisungo. Nzvimbo yepamusoro yepamusoro yezvigadziriswa zvinowanzouya munguva dzekuwedzera, asi nzvimbo dzepasi dzekuchengetedza dzinowanzosvika munguva dzakatarisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvikwata zvave zvatova nepamusoro pane kukosha kwezvakaitika kare.
Mamwe mapoka emusika wekutengeswa angangodaro awedzere kuchinjwa kuchinjwa muchengetedzo yehuwandu. Zvinonyanya kukosha, masangano emari anowanzoshungurudzika apo nzvimbo yekuchengetedzwa kwezvikwereti ichiwedzerwa sezvo vachigona kuita zvikwereti zvishomanana uye vanoita mari shoma inowanikwa. Kusiyana kwechokwadi ndeye apo kuvhara kwehuwandu hwezvikwereti kuri kuderera uye mari yakawanda inosunungurwa pamabasa ekukweretesa uye kuita zvekufarira.
Dzimwe nyika dzinobhadhara kufarira kubhengi reserve ratios kune masangano emari, izvo zvinogona kuratidza zvinobatsira zvichienderana nemari inowanikwa yezvibereko. IUnited States Federal Reserve inobhadhara chikamu chezvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana kubva kune makumi mashanu kubva muzana kubva muzana rekuchengetwa kwebhangi, sa2015, iyo inobhadhara mabhizinesi evanhu vakarasikirwa nemari.
Kufunga nezvekutsvaga
Vashandi vemunyika yose vanofanira kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwehuwandu hunochinja mupfungwa apo kuisa mari kune dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa reserve ratios sedare rekushandisa mari, yakadai seChina . Kazhinji nguva, vatengi vanogona kufanotaura kuchinja kwebhengi reserve ratios nekutsvaga maitiro e macroeconomic maitiro mumagetsi. Nyika ine kuwedzera kwenyika inogona kuisa pangozi yekuwedzera mune zvigaro ratios apo nyika ine kuputsika inogona kunge iri mukuderera kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvinodiwa.
Vashandi vanogona kukomberedza njodzi idzi kuburikidza nekuvimbisa kuti nzvimbo yavo yepasitori yakasiyana-siyana munyika dzakawanda uye nharaunda. Nenzira iyo, kuchinja kwakaipisisa muzvigadziriswa zviyero kune imwe nyika hazvizove nekunakidza kwehuwandu husepa. Vashandi vanogonawo kufunga kuchinja kusarudzwa kwavo mune zvikamu zvisingaiti zvakanyanya nekuchengetedzwa kwenyika uye kure nemiganhu inogona kunge yakanyanyiswa - yakadai sedare rezvemari uye mabhizimisi emabhizimisi.