Tsanangudzo, History, uye Kurangwa
(Kutengeserana kwekwenyika haisiyo chete iyo mubhadhari anofanira kuvhara, hezvino zvinhu zvina zvisingagone kuita apo kuisa muzvikwata .)
Apo ini ndakatanga kunyora nyaya iyi musi waMay 23, 2003, hurukuro yekutengeserana yekwenyika yakanga isiri kutsamwa semuenzaniso waMarta Stewart / ImClone insider trading scandal yaive ichienderera mberi mumwedzi isati yasvika uye iyo, pakupedzisira, yakatumira mombe diva kuGermany jeri. Pasinei nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekugovera, varimi vakawanda vakanga vasina chokwadi nezvekutengeserana kwekodzero kwaiva, kuti yakashanda sei, nei yakange iri huru yakawanda, uye kuti yakarangwa sei.
The Definition of Insider Trading
Kutengeserana kwekwenyika kunowanikwa apo mumwe munhu ane basa rekuchengetedza kune mumwe munhu, sangano, sangano, kubatana, sangano, kana sangano rinoita sarudzo yekutsvaga kubva kune ruzivo rwakabatana nebasa iroro rekuchengetedza risingawaniki kuvanhu vose. Iyi ruzivo rwemumunharaunda inovabvumira kubatsirwa mune dzimwe nguva, uye kudzivisa kurasikirwa mune vamwe.
(Muna Martha Stewart / ImClone kushorwa, izvi zvakazoitika.)
Kutengeserana kwekwenyika kunogonawo kusimuka mumamiriro ezvinhu apo hapana basa rekuchengetedza riripo asi imwe mhosva yakaparidzirwa, sekushanda kwekambani. Somuenzaniso, hutsotsi hwakarongeka hunopinda mune zvimwe zvikwereti kana zvematare ehurumende kuti zvigadziriswe kuwana ruzivo rwekushandisa uye kushandisa ruzivo rusina ruzivo, zvichida kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemavhidhiyo kana marekodhi ekurekodha, inogona kuwanikidzwa nemhosva yekutengeserana kwepakati pezvimwe zvikwereti zve mhosva.
Kutengeserana kwekwenyika kwakange kusingabvumirwi semutemo pakutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri; Kutaura zvazviri, kutonga kweDare Repamusorosoro kamwechete kunonzi "perk" yekuve mukuru. Mushure mekuwedzera kwema1920, makore gumi akatevera ekutsvaira basa , uye kuchinja kwakaguma mumaonero evanhu, zvakarambidzwa, uye zvikwereti zvakakomba zvinowirwa kune avo vaiita basa racho.
Mienzaniso yeChirangaridzo Insider Trading uye Isingarambiki Insider Trading
Kutsanangurira zvinhu zvose zvinowanzoita zvekutengeserana mune zvemhosva zvinotyisa zvikuru kupfuura zvingaita sepamusoro. Kune zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvinofanirwa kutaridzirwa kuitira kuti Securities uye Exchange Commission (SEC) vatsigirire mumwe munhu kutengeserana, asi zvinhu zvikuru zvavanofanira kuratidza ndezvokuti mumiririri aive nebasa rekuchengetedzwa kwekambani uye / kana kuti kana kuti aida kuti pachake ave nekuwana kubva pakutengesa kana kutengesa zvikamu zvinobva pane ruzivo rwemukati.
Uyu muedzo webasa rekuchengetedza wakanga wakasvibiswa zvikuru neDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States nekutonga kwaOhagan . Muna 1988, James O'Hagan akanga ari gweta pahofisi ye Dorsey & Whitney. Mushure mokunge firima ikatanga kumiririra Grand Metropolitan PLC, iyo yakaronga kutanga sangano rekupa Pillsbury, Mr. O'Hagan akawana huwandu huzhinji hwezvakakosha mukambani.
Kutevera chiziviso chechipo chechipo, zvingasarudzwa zvakasimudzwa, zvichiita kuti mamiriyoni mana emadhora awane. Mushure mokunge awanikwa ane mhaka pamakumi mashanu nemanomwe, mhosva yacho yakaputsirwa pachikumbiro. Nyaya yacho yakazowana nzira yayo kuenda kuDare Repamusorosoro apo kutongwa kwakadzorerwa.
Barry Switzer, mutungamiri wenhabvu wekuWhite-Oklahoma, akatongwa ne SEC muna 1981 mushure mekunge iye neshamwari dzake vakatenga zvikamu muFenix Resources, kambani yemafuta. Switzer akanga ari pamusangano wekutarisana paanenge achikurukura hurukuro pakati pevatariri pamusoro pekuregererwa kwebhizimisi. Akatenga mari yepamadhora madhora makumi mana nemazana mana, uye gare gare akatengeswa pa $ 59, achiita madhora $ 98,000 mune izvi. Mhosva dzaaipomerwa akazobviswa nemutongi wehurumende nekuda kwe "kusava neuchapupu". Kune rumwe rutivi, zvichibva pane zvimwe zvinhu, Switzer angadai akabhadharwa uye akashandira nguva yejeri kana mumwe wevatambi vake aiva mwanakomana kana mwanasikana wevatariri, uye akataura nezvechidimbu kwaari.
Mutsara pakati pe "mhaka" uye "nhanho", zvinoratidzika, zvinenge zvisinganyatsogoni kuitika mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekutengesa mhosva.
Ndezvipi Zvikwereti zvekutengeswa kweInsider?
Zvichienderana nekunetseka kwechiitiko ichocho, kutengeserana kwekutengeserana kwekodzero kazhinji kunosanganisira chirango chemari uye nguva yejeri. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, s SEC yakatumirwa kurambidza vashandi vekutengesa vatengesi kubva kushanda semutungamiri pane imwe kambani inoshandiswa pachena.
Chikamu 16 Zvinotarisirwa: Zvidziviriro Zvokutengeserana KwemaInsider
Kuti zvibvumirwe kudzivisa kutengeserana kwepamutemo, Chikamu che16 cheSturities and Exchange Act muna 1934 chinoda kuti kana "munhu ari mukati" (anotsanangurwa sevatariri vose, vatungamiri, uye 10% varidzi) vanotenga mari yekambani uye vanoitengesa mumwedzi mitanhatu, vose yepfuma inofanira kuenda kune kambani. Nokuita kuti zvibvirire kuti vashandi vauwane kubva pane zviduku zvishoma, zvizhinji zvekuedzwa kwekutengeserana kwekwenyika zvabviswa. Nhengo insiders inofanirwawo kuzivisa kuchinja muhuyo hwezvinzvimbo zvavo kusanganisira zvose kutenga uye zvikamu zvezvikamu.