Apo iwe unobatwa nechikwata chekudarika, iwe unogona kunge wakavhiringidzika uye wakagumbuka pamusoro pekuita. Ichi chinyorwa chichabatsira kubvisa zvimwe zvekuvhiringidzika nekutsanangura kuti dare renzira yebhengi rinoshanda sei.
Kushungurudza inzira inodzorwa nemutemo wehurumende. Kuparara kwemhosva kunongonzwika mumatare ehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo kune hurumende pasi pemitemo yenyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzinonzi "receivorship," matare akabatanidzwa ekugadzirisa ose ari federal.
Dare rehurumende rinopatsanurwa kuva maitiro. Dare rekutongwa, matare emhosva uye Supreme Court. Kunewo mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yematare emitemo, sematare edzimhosva. Dare rekutongwa rinotumidzwa dare reruwa. Kuparara kwematare ematare edzimhosva dzakasiyana-siyana izvo zviri mukutengesa kupatsanurwa kwematare eruwa. Dare reDunhu rinogona kunzwa zvinhu zvose zvinouya mukati mehutongi hwavo, pamwe chete zvinogona kunzwa nyaya dzekushungurudza. Sezvo nyaya, hongu, vanotaura nyaya dzose dzekushungurudza kumatare edzimhosva.
Kunzwisisa maitiro emakambani akakwidza kunokosha kuti muve nemifananidzo yakajeka yezvinobvira nzira iyo mabhengi ako angatora.
Jurisdiction
Kusiyana nedzimwe nhepfenyuro dzezvematongerwo enyika, dzakadai sedare reruwa, matare edzimhosva anoparadzaniswa nemutemo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti matare akaiswa neCongress pasi pesimba rayo rezvemitemo yekugadzira matare pasi peChitsauko I, Chikamu 8 cheMitemo.
Pasi pemutemo we federal 28 USC 1334, matare edzimhosva ane kodzero dzepamusoro pekugadzirisa zvikwereti. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mhosva yekusunungura haigoni kuiswa mumatare ehurumende. Chikonzero chemurairo uyu ndechekuti uniformor bankruptcy system inoda kuti zviitiko zviiswe muhurumende ye uniforom, panzvimbo yematare ehurumende akasiyana, ayo angave ane mitemo yakasiyana nemitemo.
Zvimwe nyaya munyaya yekushungurudza inonyanya kushandiswa pakugadzirisa, iyo ndiyo yakasarudzwa nenyaya huru. Nhau dzepamwe dzinogona kusanganisira kududzira chikwangwani chekubhadhara iwe pachako, kuti zvibvumirwe zvinoshandiswa sei, zvikwereti zvipi zvinobudiswa , Chitsauko 13 zvirongwa zvekubhadhara , kuti Chitsauko 11 vane chikwereti chakagadziriswa sei uye zvimwe zvakawanda nyaya dzinogona kuitika munyaya yekudarika uye kwete pane zvimwe. Mutongi webhengi anogonawo kutumidzwa kuti asarudze nyaya dzisiri dzisina kukanganisa. Iyi ndeye nyaya dzinogona kugadziriswa nedare reruwa kana kunyange matare enyika, asi simuka mumamiriro ezvinhu epa bankruptcy case. Semuenzaniso, mutongi wekubhadhara angave akadanwa kunoshandura mazwi echibvumirano kuitira kuti mapato anokwanisa kusarudza kuwanda kwemhosva.
Nyaya inokosha inosarudzwa nemutongi webhengi. Izvozvo zvisarudzo zvinogona kufanirwa kudare remunharaunda kana kumatare ekutsvaga ane ruzivo rwakakosha.
Nenyaya dzisiri dzomumwoyo, mapato anokwanisa kusarudza kana mutongi we bankrupt aine chirevo chekupedzisira (kunyanya pamatare ekutongwa), kana kuti mutongi weruwa anofanira kuisa chifukidzo chake chekubvumira (kana kusavhiringidzwa) pane chisarudzo).
Kushungurudza Vatongi
Kubhadhara vatongi vanogadzwa kwemakore gumi nemana nemitemo neUnited States Court of Appeals nokuda kweimwe federal dunhu umo dare rebhengi rinogara. Nokudaro, kusiyana nedare redzimhosva yedare uye vatongi vekudaidza, avo vakagadzwa kuti vave noupenyu, izwi remutongi webhengi rinofanira kuvandudzwa kwemakore gumi nemana nematanhatu nedare rekudaidza. Saka zvinonyanyoita kuti dare rekutsvaga rirege kuvandudza izwi rekutonga kwevatongi kana risingafari nemabasa ake. Saizvozvowo, mutongi webhengi angasarudza kuderedza kusarudzwa kwemakore gumi nemana.
Sangano reKutsvaga
Kunyange zvazvo nyaya dzose dzekutanga kubhadhara dzinotarisirwa nedare rekudarika, kubvunzwa kwemirairo, zvisarudzo, uye kutonga panyaya idzi zvinowanzotarisirwa nedare reruwa, asi dzimwe nguva zvinotarisirwa nematare edzimhosva.
Mamwe mativikiti ane izvo zvinozivikanwa sejecha rekuchemera mabhenji (BAP). BAPs dzakaungana muFIrst, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Circuits. Gweta rekutsvaga rinosanganisira kubhadhara vatongi vanobva kune rimwe dunhu vanonzwa kupomerwa kwekufuratira. Kunyange mumatunhu ane dhipatimendi rekutsvaga mapurisa, munhu anoshevedzera angasarudza kuita kuti chikumbiro chake chinzwike nedare renharaunda yedare renyika.
Nhamba inotevera yekutsvaga ndeyeUnited States Court of Appeals kune imwe nzvimbo iyo dare rekudarika rinogara. Semuenzaniso, kukwidza kubva kumatare ekudarika muSan Francisco kuchazopedzisira kwasvika kusvika kuNane Chitunhu Chekudaidzwa.
Nhamba yekupedzisira yekuongororwa kwechikumbiro ndiyo Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States.
Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure
Kuenderera mberi mumatare ehurumende kunotungamirirwa neHurumende Mitemo yeBanruptcy Procedure. Sezvinorehwa nezita, mitemo iyi inotonga nzira yekugadzirisa yekushandiswa kwekugadzirisa uye miedzo, yakadai seyo nguva yaunofanira kuisa purogiramu yako yekubhadhara. Mune chikamu chikuru, mitemo yekushandiswa kwemitemo yemirairi uye inosanganisira Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, iyo inotonga kutongerwa mune dzimwe nheyo dzedare. Nokudaro, kutongwa mumatare edzimhosva kunofanana nekutonga mumatare ehurumende.
Kutsvaga Kuparadzisa Matare
Kana uri kutarisa kufungidzira kubhadhara, zvakakosha kuzivisa uye kutsvaga kukodzero yakakodzera yebhengi. Maererano nehurumende yepamutemo, iwe unofanira kuisa yako bankruptcy case mu federal district umo iwe waive wakachengetwa, waiva nenzvimbo huru yebhizimisi, kana kuti zvinhu zvikuru muUnited States, mumazuva 180 asati atora. Imba yako ndiyo nzvimbo yako yekugara. Somuenzaniso, kana uri neimba yezhizha muTexas, asi urarame mwedzi mipfumbamwe yegore muCalifornia, nzvimbo yako yekugara inogona kunge iri California uye kwete Texas. Kana uchinge wasarudza guta rako rekugara, enda kunzvimbo yeDare reUnited States. Dzvanya nzvimbo yako ye domicile pamepu yemavara, zvino, chengeta "Advanced Search." Dzvanya "Tsvaga neDunhu," sarudza "Bankruptcy Court" mumarara. Sarudza federal yako pasi maererano nemepu yevaravara uye chengeta "Tsvaga." Tsvaga nzvimbo yepedyo yepamusoro yekodzero yekudarika. Nyika dzakawanda dzine mazano akawanda ekubhadhara mari. Bata imwe yematare kuti uone kuti iwe unosarudza dare rakakodzera.
Sezvenguva dzose, gweta rakagadziriswa gweta ndiro rakanakisisa rako raunofunga apo iwe uri kufungidzira kubhadhara.
Yakarongwa naCarron Nicks muna April 2017.