Pasinei Nokuva Kusarudzwa Kwakawanda kune Vashandi Vakawanda, Index Funds Haisi Yakakwana
Mumakore aya ndanga ndichinyora pamusoro pekutsvaga mari, ndave ndichidzokorora pamba pamba kuti uchapupu hwedzidzo hwakanyatsojeka: Kune uyo anowanzoita mutengesi, kunyanya avo vari vatsva pakuisa mari mune chero chinhu chisina kupfuura zvigwaro zvekuisa , iyo yakachengeteka, Nzira yekuvaka upfumi kuburikidza nehutano ndeyekutevera ruramisiro iri nyore, pasina kukanganisa, kuburikidza nemabhuru uye mabhasi, kutengesa kwezvinhu uye kutengesa:
- Itai mari mumatare ehurumende asingakwanisi kubhadhara mari , iyo inopa kuparadzirwa kwemazuva akawanda, uye ine uwandu hwakanyanya
- Idzidzise mari yekuraira mari yepamusoro kuitira kuti iwe ushandise zvinotengeswa pamatengo emari pane nguva
- Kana iwe uchikwanise kushandisa forego kushandiswa, inowedzera mari yakawanda nekudzorera zvikamu zvako
- Shandisa mikana yemitero uye nzvimbo dzekugara, kusanganisira mahedheni kuiswa panzvimbo kana nzvimbo yekuisa mafa.
Rimwe remibvunzo yakawanda inowanikwa ini kuvanhu, ndeyekuti, "Sei mumwe munhu asingakwanisi kutenga mari kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemari kana zvakanyanya kudaro?". Kuti unzwisise zvikonzero, unofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti kune, kunyanya, zvitatu zvakasiyana zve index index investors:
- Vaya vanorondedzera nokuti vanonzwisisa zvikomborero, uye vanozvida pasinei nekukanganisa kwezvakaberekwa uye zvikanganiso kana nekuda kwekusava nerugare, runyararo rwepfungwa, kusakosha kwezvimwe nzira (zvakadai sokusarudza kusungira mari mukati me 401 (k) chirongwa ) , kana kusakanganiswa pakuongorora kuchengetedza kwemunhu mumwe nomumwe.
- Avo vasingafungi zvakanyanya pamusoro pazvo uye vanotsanangura nokuti ndizvo zvavanonzwa iwe unofanirwa kuita.
- Vaya vane chinangwa chekufungidzira, vachibatisisa kunyoresa nenzira imwechete iyo vaFarisi vekare vakateerera mutemo, vane "maitiro ehuMwari asi vachiramba simba rayo". Vanoziva kuenzanisira mabasa, vanoda kuti munhu wese aratidze, asi kazhinji haanzwisisi maitiro akangwara kana zvikonzero zvinoshanda pasinei nokuzvitenda ivo pachavo kuva nyanzvi.
Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira varume vakadai saJack Bogle, vatsvene vekutsvaga mari yekutsvaga mari uye muvambi weVanguard. Ndakakurudzira mabhuku ake akakurumbira munguva yakapfuura uye ndakataura nezvekuti ndinokoshesa sei basa rake, shoko rake, nebasa rake rekushumira kuita nyika ive nzvimbo yakanaka, yakanakisisa kune vashandi vashoma.
Wake hupenyu hwakanaka hwakararama. Mamiriyoni evakabhadharwa vanokweretesa kubudirira kwemari kune zvishandiso uye basa uye ndinofunga kuti pane vanhu vazhinji munyika iyo vanozvidza mazano avo uye vanogona kuwana zvikwereti zvakawanda zvakakosha kana vachatora zvinyorwa zvake pamwoyo.
Bogle inonzwisisika nekutendeseka uye, mupfungwa chaiyo, nyanzvi. Akatsvaga kuwana nzira iri nani yekuisa mari uye akacherechedza zvimwe zvinhu izvo, kana zvichisanganiswa, zvakaita kuti pave nehupamhi hwezvakanaka zvenguva refu. Izvi zvaisanganisira zvinhu zvakadai se:
- Kudhura kwakaderera kuchengetedza mari dzakadai semakomisheni, kugovana mari, kutengeswa kwemisika, uye kubvunza / kubvunza kupararira zvishoma
- Zviduku kune zvisiripo zvekubhadhara mari kuitira kuti mari yakawanda yemurimari inogona kuwedzerwa
- Yakapararira zvakasiyana-siyana kuitira kuti pasava nekambani kana sangano rimwechete rinotonga chikwereti
- Kurapa kwemaforomo kunomiriro wezvipo zvinowanikwa nguva dzose izvo zvinokonzera kugadzirisa kukwirira uye kukwikwidza kwemusika pasinei nokuti mumwe anofunga kuti yaizoenda kumusoro kana pasi mumwedzi gumi nemaviri inotevera
- Kutenda kwakasimba mukukwanisa kukwanisika kwemitero pose pose zvichikwanisika, kusanganisira kushandisa zvakaderedzerwa mitero nemitero yemitero yakadai seSeP-IRA , kungoti ipe muenzaniso mumwe chete
Nyoreji mari, imwe yezvipo zvakawanda zveBogle kunyika, ndiyo yakagadzirirwa nzira yekubatisa masimba aya kumushambadzi wepakati.
Pakanga pasina chinhu chine ruzivo pamusoro pekodzero yemari yega-iyo inongowanikwa nguva dzose yekutengesa zvikwereti zvakagadzirwa nemitemo yekutanga-yakatemwa pasinei nemamiriro emisika-kunze kwekuti yakabvisa kudiwa kwemutengi wevatengesi sekutengesa sekusarudza kusarudza zvivimbiso zvakasiyana. Yakashandawo sepfungwa yepfungwa pakati pevatengesi vemanzwiro, vazhinji vavo vaizovhiringidza mukusaziva kwavo mushure mokuona zvikamu zveGoogle kana Procter & Gamble zvichiwa ne30%. (Zvinotyisa asi vazhinji vevanhu vane pesa yemari inoita sevanonyatsozivikanwa nemakambani chaiwo avanayo mune iyo index index - kana mukakahadzika, endai mubvunze mumwe munhu mubare wavo wose muS & P 500 index fund izvo zvinyorwa zvavo zvepamusoro 20 Ndizvo zvazviri, hazvigone kukuudza.Asi zvika makumi maviri, uye masango makumi maviri chete anomiririra anenge makumi matatu kubva muzana yezvisikwa zvavo!)
Imwe nzira inobatsira yehurukuro yekodzero yaiva iyo, nokuti yakanga isingadi kutongwa, yakanga isingakodzeri kubhadhara mumwe munhu kuti atange mari yacho. (Munyaya dzakawanda, kunyatsogadziriswa kwemari pamwe chete kunofananidzwa nekuenzanisa nemari yekuenzanisira, kungowira shure mushure mekunge maita mari inoshandiswa kubhadhara vatariri vemapurisa.)
Vakawanda vanobudirira muzvikwereti munhoroondo yese vakavaka upfumi hwakawanda vachishandisa zvakanyatsoenderana nemitemo iyo Bogle yakaratidza kuburikidza nekutsvakurudza kwake nemuenzaniso umwechete: Vakatsiva kuongororwa kwevimbiso yega yega nekutenga nguva dzose, vachishandisa unyanzvi hwekugadzirisa kuverenga kuti vanokoshesa zvikwata sekunge ivo vaizoita zvemabhizimusi ega , dzimba , kana zvisungo . Vanhu ava havasi vatengesi vemabhizimisi . Havasi kushingaira kutsvaga zvikamu zvekupisa zvinomuka, kurarama semutauriri kunze kwemufirimu kubva kuma1980. Ndivo Anne Scheibers venyika, vachisiyira $ 22 mamiriyoni. Ivo ndivo Jack MacDonald's yenyika, vachisiya mushure mamiriyoni 188 emamiriyoni. Ava ndivo varimi vemichero munyika uye vane nhamba masere vanokosha avo vanochengeta pfuma yavo chakavanzika kubva kuvana vavo. Ava ndivo William Ruanes wenyika; Charlie Mungers wenyika.
Vanhu vakaita saizvi vanopedza makore vachiunganidza pamwe mapurisa emakambani ayo pavakabata danda ravo, kurapa zvikwata zvevanhu vose sezvavanenge vachida zvimwe zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa mhuri yavo. Kazhinji, varairidzi ava vakanga vakadzidziswa, vakapfuma, uye, mumatambudziko akawanda, vanoita zvemabhizimisi pachavo, vasingatyi kutanga bhizinesi kana vakaona mukana wekuita mari. (Kune nguva dzose zvisiri izvo) Nhoroondo yakafumura vadzidzisi vazhinji vekuchikoro, janitors, uye plumbers vanowira munharaunda mushure mekukudziridza rudo rukuru rwemari runovatungamirira kuhutano hwe MBA-yekutora mari uye bhadha rekushandisa uye / kana kutsunga kuramba uchitsvaga danda redzimba muboka guru ravanonzwisisa.)
Nokuda kwechimiro chevakashambadziri vezvemari vanoita zvikwereti zvakafanana nekunyorera mari inopiwa pasina index index methodology, kutenga chikwata chekucherechedza sechinhu chaicho chaive chiri, uye chiri, chisina musoro nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda.
1. Muchengeti Anonyanya Kuda Haagoni Kuda Kutenga Indekisi Yehurongwa Nokuti Iye kana Iye Asingadi Kutenga Zvinhu Zvakawedzerwa
Sezvandakatsanangurira kamwe pane bhuku rangu rega, fungidzira gore ra2001. Panguva iyoyo, iwe ungadai wakaisa mari yako mumakore makumi matatu ehurumende yeHurumende, yakatsigirwa nemasimba ekutengesa emutungamiriri wehurumende yeUnited States, uye yakagamuchira 5.46% kufarira pamari yako gore negore. Pasina njodzi yekusavapo, mumwe mutengesi ane njere aizobvunza kudai 5.46% + pangozi yekutengesa + kuchinja kwezvishoma kwezvinhu kuti zvirevire kupa izvo zvinonzi (academically) kuti zvive mari yakachengeteka munyika yose. Izvozvo zvaireva kutadza kwezinga reasingasviki ne11.5%, kana uchingokura mukukura, usati waparadzana nemari kune imwe nzvimbo yefa.
Panguva iyoyo, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. yaitengeserana ne $ 58.75 pashiri. Yakagadzirisa $ 1.49 pagairo mushure mekuteresa. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti mutengi aive "kutenga" muhomwe wezvibereko zvinokwana 2,54% mushure mekuteresa, uye izvozvo hazvina kuisa mutero wemabhadharo waizodhadirwa kuFederal, nyika, uye mune dzimwe nguva, hurumende dzenharaunda dzaiva nemari akagoverwa kune vadzidzisi! Kuenzanisa kwakadaro kwakanyanyisa kunenge kwakanzwisisika kana Wal-Mart yaive ichikura nokukurumidza-ichikurumidza kunzvimbo dzese munyika asi iyi yakanga yakasimba chaizvo iyo yakanga iri mutengesi mukuru pane Pasi panguva iyoyo. Vapi vese vaiva vese asi vakavimbiswa kuti vawane 2.54% chete + kuwedzera kwekuwana muzvikwereti, kugadziriswa nekushandurwa muwandu huwandu hwezvinhu (Bogle inoreva ichi se "chikonzero chekudzoka" chikonzero). Pane kufara nekudzoka kwakanaka, kunyange kutarisana nehuwandu hwekuwedzera kwezvikwata hwaizoratidza kuoma.
Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu angaita bhizimisi ane njere kana bhizinesi rebhizimisi vane nhoroondo yekuzvidavirira vakada kutenga zvigaro zveWal-Mart panguva iyoyo, pamutengo iwoyo. Izvi zvaisava nechokuita nekutengeswa kwemisika - iye angadai asina kunge ari kufanotaura pamusoro pekuti kana Wal-Mart yaizove yakakwirira kana kuti inoderera mangwana, vhiki inotevera, kana kunyange gore rakatevera nekuti zvinhu zvakadaro hazvingazivikanwi - zvakange zvakangoitika chete iyo masvomhu ehurumende pachake nenzira dzakafanana kufanana nekugadziriswa kwekugadzirisa kana achitsvaga mari yake kuti azarurire imwe resitorendi kune imwe nzvimbo kana kuti mutengesi wezvivako anosarudza kana aifanira kuwana chivako pane imwe mutengo yakatarisana nechinangwa chingaitika rents.
Imwe nyanzvi yemari yekuisa mari, panguva iyo, ingadai yakaona mazana emadhora mapepa ezvinyorwa zvake zvekutsvaga mari inopiwa kuWal-Mart shares. Kana ari mushandi wechiitiko asina ruzivo rwokutangira, kana mumwe munhu asinganyanyi kukoshesa sezvaanenge achizviona achashanda munguva refu, zvakanaka. Sei? Nenguva yakakwana, dhora rinodhura kuwandisa, kugoverwa zvikwereti, uye misha yemitero, rinofanira kuguma rakanaka sekutengeswa kwematombo pamusorosoro wepamusoro kunogadziriswa nekudzvinyirira mafungiro panguva yekudonha. Kuti muve nemuiti wekugadzira murairi wekudyara ane mamiriyoni emadhora emadhora anokosha anoongorora mari nguva dzose, kana muteresi wemutero ari kunyatsogadzirisa kuGAP uye nekusarudza kuti mari yakawanda ipi inobhadhara mari, haifaniri zvachose.
Ko avo vanoziva mari vanoziva vanozviita sevasingazivi here? Vanofanira kunge vachida kutenga zvigaro zvavasingadi kuva nazvo pamutengo wavanofunga kuti ndeyebenzi (uye havazombobhadhari bhizinesi rega pachavo) nekuda kwekuti munhu wose anoti ivo vanofanira? Vanofanira kunge vachibhadhara chikwata chekubhadhara mari pamwe chete -kunyange zvazvo chiri pasi pedombo mari isati iri zero - kubata zvinhu zvakadai? Nokuda kweboka rechitatu rekutsinhanisa mari yevashandi - iyo inofungidzirwa zvakanyanya - mhinduro iyo yavanokumbira, pamusoro pemashoko ose uye pfungwa, ndiyo "hongu". Nemhaka yekuti vazhinji vavo havana ruzivo kuti boka rehurukuro chii chaizvoizvo, vanoomerera pairi nekushingaira kunogona kuita kuti nguva yekare yechitendero izviratidze, ichiratidzira chimiro chekukarira kuderedza; Tsvina-whirl mhinduro pasina kufunga.
Izvi hazvirevi chinhu chakaipa. Kutaura chokwadi, vatengesi vanoyevedza vanofanira kukurudzira chiito ichi nokuti rudzi rwevanhu vanogona kupa muchikanganiso chakadaro nekuda kwekushaya pfungwa nderudzi rwemunhu anenge achida kunyora zvakanyanya. Izvo zvinoumba chikonzero ichi apo kuedza kuvadzidzisa nezvekusanzwisiswa kwavo kwebasa raBogle uye masvomhu anobatanidzwa zvinogona kunge zvichiita kuti vaparare zvikuru mune zvemari. (Nokuda kwekudenga, chikamu chinokosha chepfungwa dzaBogle chinosvika pakuvapo kwepamusoro kudarika kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasarudzwa, hapana chimwe chinoshandiswa kune vashandi vanogadzirisa zvigaro vanogona kuita zvavanosarudza, izvo avo vanoshingaira vanokundikana kubvuma!) Pane kudaro, vanofanira kuve vakakurudzirwa uye kutenda kwavo mukunyoresa kusimbiswa.
Ichi ndicho chikonzero ini, pachedu, ndichidzokorora kakawanda uye kubva pamapurpiti ose andinayo: Kana iwe usingazivi zvauri kuita, tenga chikwereti chekushandisa. Kana iwe uchiziva zvauri kuita asi iwe usingadi kunetseka, tenga chikwereti chemari. Kana iwe unotofanira kubvunza zvauri kuita, tenga chikwereti chemari.
2. Mutengesi anonyanya kushandiswa angave asingadi kutenga Index Index nokuti Iye kana kuti Angave asingadi kujekesa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEconomy kune iyo iyo kana ye Fortune yatove yakasungwa
Maviri emabhizimisi angu ega emhuri anosanganisira teknolojia yakawanda. Kana pakambove ne-cyber kurwisa kuUnited States, kana chimwe chiitiko chinotyisa chakakonzera zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa zvinhu, mari inoyerera yaizoshaya simba, zvichida kwevhiki kana mwedzi. Kuti tisiyane nenzira iyoyo, ini, ini ndoga, handidi kuva nemakambani akawanda ekombiyuta, izvo zvingangodaro zvakaoma sezvinonetsa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai. Kubva kumakambani edu kuenda kumabhengi edu ezvokuchengetedza mabasa, kumabhuku ekuchengetedza isu chipo kune vechidiki vemhuri yedu, kana ini murume wangu kana ini tiri muitiro wekutakura kune mapurosoft software kana hardware. Kune ngozi yakawanda-yakabatana. Mamiriro edu ega akasiyana chaizvo nemhuri yepamusoro. Iko kunofanirwa kubvunzwa kana kugoverwa pfuma yedu. Hakuchina hukuru-hunoenderana-zvose kana zvasvika pakutarisira mari.
Somugumisiro, chikamu chedu chedu chinenge chakanga chisina tambo yekambani. Kunyangwe izvi zvinoreva kuti taifanira kuwirirana pamutengo wakaderera (zvechokwadi hauna kuita saizvozvo nenzira iyo yose mumakore mashoma akapfuura, asi nokuda kwekukakavadzana, ngatitaurire kuti zvaizoitika), tinenge tichiri kusarudza zviite nenzira yakadaro nokuti inotitendera kurara zviri nani usiku. Kana ndikawana imwe teknolojia yakasimba iyo inondifarira ini, ndinogona kutenga zvigaro, asi zvingava zvakasiyana nemutemo.
Ichi ndicho chekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedza; chimwe chinhu chaunofanira kudzidza kudzidzira kana imwe nzvimbo yako yasvika pane imwe chiyero kana iwe uchida kusimuka kuti uwane mhuri yako mukuparadzwa. Zvichida ndakaverenga kakawanda Charles Dickens kana nhepfenyuro yaJane Austen kuchikoro asi iyo haisi iyo mhedzisiro inofanira kufara. Sezvo shoko iri richiti, "iwe unofanira kungova nepfuma chete". Mushure mokunge iwe uine ruzivo rwekodzero yakakosha yekuvakwa, kuchengetedza iyo inonyanya kukosha kudarika mhedziso yekutora iwe inowanikwa pazvinhu zvako.
3. Mushandi Wekutsvaga Anogona Kuda Kutenga Indekisi Yehurongwa Nokuti Iye kana Iye Anogona Kuda Kuwedzera Kuteresa Kushanda
Ngatimbofungidzira iwe waida kutevedzera S & P 500 kana Dow Jones Industrial Meverages . Panzvimbo yekutenga chikwereti chekutengeserana chinotungamira pane chinyoreswa chekutsvaga, munhu wese ane porefidho yakaisvonaka anogona kungoita nyore nyore kuisa index yacho pachavo kuburikidza nokutenga zvikamu zvepakati pezvikamu zvinoumba index. Izvi zvaizobvumira nzira dzakakwirira dzekukohwa mitero, kuchengetedza mari yakawanda muhomwe yako inouya musi waApril 15 apo mabhiri ku IRS akakwana.
John Bogle pachake anotsanangura izvi mumabhuku ake pamusoro pekunyora, kunyora, "Kubata pfuma yemunhu oga kwenguva refu haingangodaro uchinge wakachenjera, asi kuva nemutero wakanyanya." Ndakambopa purofisi yemuenzaniso yekuti izvi zvingaita sei munyika chaiyo nekushandisa DJIA se template.
4. Muzvinabhizimisi anonyanya kushandiswa angave asina kufanana neMethodhodhe yeInorama Index Mari
Paunotenga chikamu chemari, uri kutengesa kufunga kwako kune mumwe munhu. Mune mhaka yeDow Jones Industrial Average, iyo inongorori bhidhiyo yeThe Wall Street Journal , iyo inogadzirisa zvikamu muzvinyorwa zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa pamusika. Mune nyaya yeS & P 500, ndevamwe vatengesi vanoisa mutengo wezvikwata zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekuzvitenga kana kuzvitengesa zvakananga, kusarudza misika yemakethe yemhizha imwe neimwe. Zvose izvi zvinosanganisira kutonga kwevanhu, kwete yako.
Chii chinoita kuti izvi zvisinganzwisisike kune vashandi vezvemari ndeyekuti mari yekuenzanisira inotarirwa nemusika wemari (semuenzaniso, S & P 500) yakagadzirirwa nenzira isina mano. Zvinoreva kuti iwe utenge mamwe mashomanana emamwe mashizha sezvo mutengo unowedzera kuwedzera, uye kutengesa zvikamu sezvo zvichiwana zvisingadhuri; chaizvoizvo kutenga nepamusoro uye kutengesa pasi, kana kuti zvakasiyana zvakasiyana nezvokuti munhu anofanira kutungamirira sei mari yake yekuisa mari. Zvinosuruvarisa, ndiyo chete inokwanisika yekugadzirisa nokuti zvinhu zvinotengeswa mumadhora emari zvakanyanya, zvinoita kuti hutano hwakakosha kana kuenzana hukwanisike. Hapana nzira iyo Vanguard inogona kuva nayo S & P 500 yakaenzana yakaenzana index index pamwe neyoyo yemaasset base. Hazvibviri. Mumwe muzvinabhizimisi anonyanya kugadzirisa anogona kuvaka imwe chete, kunyange zvakadaro.
Iko Kune Zviitiko Zviverengeka ZveSoptisticed Investor Ungashandisa Index Index
Kune zvakawanda mamiriro ezvinhu, zvikonzero, kana mamiriro mukati kana pasi apo muchengeti ane ruzivo anogona kutsvaga mari yekuenzanisa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, iye angave ari pamatambudziko makuru pakunzwisisa imwe sangano. Semuenzaniso, mubhengi akachengetedza zvakanaka angakwanisa kuongorora mabhizimusi ega ega, uye anosarudza zvikwereti zvakanaka mumhizha rake, asi haana ruzivo rwokuongorora makambani emishonga. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kutenga mari inodhura mari yekuenzanisa mari inogona kuve iyo nzira yakanakisisa yekuita.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, angave asingadi kutarisana nemari yakawanda, mapepa, kana maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuverengera anobva kune dzimwe nyika. Rimwe zuva, mumwe munhu mubhuku rangu rekunyora akanyora pamusoro pekuti ainge atenga sei zvikamu zveVanguard FTSE Europe ETF (ticker symbol VGK). Kune vagari veAmerica vachiedza kuisa maoko ake kune zvikamu zvevamwe makambani makuru eEurope, ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakanakisisa zvinoratidza mari kunze uko. Nekutenga kumwe chete, iwe unotenga dengu rebhuruu chip stocks kubva kumativi ose echidziva, kusanganisira mazita asinganzwisisiki akadai saNestle, Novartis, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, uye Total. Kana ini ndakanga ndakatenga European index fund kunze kwekukoshesa nekutsvaga makambani ega ehurumende kwenguva refu, inenge iri pamusoro pekunyora kwangu.
Mumwe muzvinabhizimisi anonyanya kushanda angada kushushikana nezvemhuri yake mushure mekunge afa. Warren Buffett pachake akataura kuti paanenge apfuura, mudzimai wake achasiyiwa nehuwandu hwehupfumi hwake hwakapiwa 90% muS & P 500 index index uye 10% mari pasinei nokuti munguva yose yehupenyu hwake, akati haana kumbova nemunhu mumwe chete mutual fund.
Hapana chimwe cheizvi chinoshandura chokwadi chekuti mari yekuenzanisira inoramba iri iyo nzira yakanakisisa yekuti vanhu vazhinji vashandise mukana wehuwandu hwehuyo, kunyanya kana vasina kufarira kana kukwanisa kuongorora mabhizinesi ega avo vangave vachida kuwana. Kunze kweizvozvo, hapana chinomisa munhu kubva kurondedzera huwandu hwemari yavo uye kuchengeta zvishoma kune rumwe rutivi kuti atenge mumakambani avanoda kuva nawo. Ndiani anoti iwe haugone kuchengeta 90% yekubata kwako mune mari yakaderera yemari yekodzero uye nguva dzose kutenga zvigaro zve Coca-Cola, Diageo, General Mills, kana chero imwe sangano umo iwe unotenda zvakasimba? Iko mari yako , shure kwezvose.