Coal Inoshandiswa Mukugadzirwa Kwayo, Global Usage uye Energy Value
Mazimbe ezvakasiyana-siyana akashandiswa anoshandiswa semafuta anouraya anovhenekera ekugadzira magetsi uye kubudisa simbi munyika yose. Yakave iri simba rinokurumidza kukura munyika yose muzana remakore rechi21, maererano neInternational Energy Agency.
Nezvekugadzira Kwemalahle
Vanhu havasi "kubudisa" marasha. Zvigadzirwa zvezvegungwa nehutachiona hwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvinouita pamusoro pezviuru zvemakore. Inotungidzirwa kubva pasi pevhu kana kuti "seams," kuburikidza nematokari pasi pevhu, kana kubvisa nzvimbo huru dzepasi. Mazi akafuridzirwa anofanirwa kucheneswa, kushambidzwa, uye kushandiswa kuti agadzirire iyo kushandiswa kwebhizimisi.
China ikozvino inobereka mari yakawanda kudarika imwe nyika ipi zvayo munyika, kunyange zvazvo inopupurirwa inochengetedza nzvimbo yechina shure kweU.S., Russia, uye India. IEA inofungidzira kuti nyika yose inofanira kuwedzera paanenge inenge 0.6 muzana kusvika 2020.
Coal Exporters and Exporters
Australia inoshongedza runyorwa rwepasi rose revatengesi, kutumira mamiriyoni 298 emamita emarasha kune dzimwe nyika muna 2010. Indonesi neRussia zvakaratidza chechipiri nechetatu, kutengesa 162 uye 109 mamiriyoni emamiriyoni maererano. IUnited States yakauya muchina yepasi rose, yakatumira mamiriyoni makumi mana emamiriyoni emadhora kunze kwemiganhu yayo gore iroro.
Kutendeseka Kune Mazimbe
South Africa inonyanya kunetseka zvikuru nemarasha, kutora 93 muzana emagetsi ayo emagetsi kubva kune simba iri. China neIndia zvakare vanovimba zvikuru nemarasha nokuda kwehuwandu hwemasimba avo pa79 uye 69 muzana maererano. IUnited States inotora 45 kubva muzana yemagetsi ayo kubva kune ino, ichitarisa iyo 11 pane yepasi rose rondedzero yenyika dzinoita simba kubva kune ino.
Mhando Dzakaoma uye Dzakawanda dzeMarara
Mazimbe anowira mumapoka maviri makuru : akaoma uye akanyorova. Soft coal inozivikanwawo seharuti yakazara kana lignite. China inobereka mazimbe akawanda akaoma kupfuura chero imwe nyika ine chimwe chezvinhu zvitatu. Iyo inokonzera mamiriyoni 3,162 emamita ematare akaoma akabudiswa neChina anokonzera kubuda kwechipiri uye chechitatu vashandisi vezvigadzirwa - US ku 932 mamiriyoni ematani uye India kune 538 mamiriyoni ematani.
Germany neIndonesia zvakasungirirwa kusungirirwa kukudzwa kwekukudza kwepamusoro pakugadzirwa kwemavara akareruka. Idzi nyika dzakachera mamiriyoni 169 uye 163 mamiriyoni emataundi maererano.
Coking Coal Versus Steam Coal
Coking coal, inozivikanwawo semasallurgical coal, ine yakaderera sulfur uye phosphorus uye inogona kumira zvakanyanya kupisa. Coking coal inodyarwa muvheni uye inotungamirirwa neokisijeni-isina pyrolysis, iyo inopisa hura kumashigiri anenge 1 100 degrees Celsius. Inonyunguduka uye inotadzisa mhando ipi zvayo isina kuchena uye kusachena kwekusiya kabhoni yakachena. Iyo inopisa, yakanatswa, yakasvibiswa kabhoni inogadzirisa muzviputi zvinonzi "coke" zvinogona kudyirwa mukati memoto wevira uye pamwe neyimbi yesimbi nemaketone kuti ibudise simbi.
Simba remvura, iro rinozivikanwa se thermal coal, rinokodzera kugadzirwa kwemagetsi.
Simba remvura rinogadzika kuva mupfu hwakatsetseka unopisa nokukurumidza pamhepo inopisa uye inoshandiswa mumagetsi emagetsi kupisa mvura mumabiya anokonzera mhepo inotyisa. Inogonawo kushandiswa kupa nzvimbo yekuchenesa kwemisha nemabhizimusi.
Energy in Coal
Mhando dzose dzemarasha dzine gorosi yakagadzikana, inopa simba rakachengetwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhepo, madota, nenyaya yakashata, mercury nesulfure. Nemhaka yekuti muviri nehutano hwemararamiro zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanyanya, mashizha ane simba rekushandisa mazimbe anofanirwa kugadzirwa kuti agadzire zvinhu zvakasara zvekudya zviripo uye kugadzirisa zvinokonzerwa nezvinosvibisa zvakadai sulfur, mercury, uye dioxin.
Izvo simba rakachengetedzeka mukati memarasha rinotsanangurwa se "marori chaiwo," "kupisa kwemafuta" kana "kupisa kwezvinhu". Inotaridzwa muBtu kana MJ / kg. Btu inomira kuBritish thermal unit, iyo yakawanda yehuni inopisa inenge 0.12 US mazamu - pound yemvura - nechidimbu chimwe Fahrenheit pagungwa.
Btu dzimwe nguva inonyorwa seBTU.
MJ / kg inomiririra millijoule kilogiramu uye iyo yakawanda yemagetsi yakachengeterwa kikilogram. Izvi zvinoratidza simba rekushandiswa kwemafisi akayerwa nehukuru.
Mazimbe anobudisa simba rinopisa kana kupisa kana ichipiswa, pamwe chete necarboni uye mhepo. Ash yakagadzirwa nemaminerari akadai sedare, aluminium , limestone, ivhu, uye silica, pamwe chete nekutsvaga zvinhu zvakadai seArsenic uye chromium.
Mhando dzeCaal Inofananidzwa uye dzakarongwa
Izvo zvepasi rose sangano sangano reASTM rakabudisa nzira yekugadzirisa mararamiro emarasha akaumbwa kubva pazvinhu zvakasikwa zvehutu zvinokonzerwa ne humic substances uye zvinhu zvakasikwa kana vitrinite. Mazimbe akaenzana anowanikwa pamazinga ekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, gorosi yakagadzika, uye kukosha kwekorori. Iyo inozivikanwa seASTM D388 - 05 Kurongeka Kwakawanda Kwemalahle ne Rank.
Mhando idzi dzinofananidzwa sei? Sezvo mutemo wega wega, yakaoma marara, iyo inowedzera simba raro uye hukuru. Izvi zvinotevera kuenzaniswa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemarasha kubva kune densest in carbon and energy to the least dense:
| Rank | Type of Coal | Calorific Value (MJ / kg) |
|---|---|---|
| # 1 | Anthracite | 30 millijoule kilogram |
| # 2 | Bituminous | 18.8-29.3 millijoule kilogram |
| # 3 | Sub-bituminous | 8.3-25 millijoule kilogram |
| # 4 | Lignite (tsvina yakawanda) | 5.5-14.3 millijoule kirogiramu |