A Primer pa Basic Mutual Fund Tsanangudzo
1. Mutual Fund
A mutual fund ndeyekuchengetedza kwekuchengetedza kwekutsvaga mari inoita kuti vatengesi vashandise mari yavo pamwe chete mune imwe yehupfumi inoshandiswa zvakanaka. Mutengo wemari unogona kuisa mumatanda, mabhandi, mari uye / kana zvimwe zvinhu.
Aya maitiro ezvokuchengetedza, anonzi holdings akabatana nekuumba imwe mutual fund, inonziwo chikwereti .
Iye zvino nokuda kwekutsanangurwa kwakajeka: Mutengo wemari unogona kutaridzwa mabhasikiti emari. Boka roga roga rinobata huwandu kana mazana emhando dzezvidziviriro, zvakadai sematokisi kana zvisungo. Saka, apo mutengi anotenga mari yekutengeserana , vari kutenga tswanda yekutengeswa kwezvikwereti. Zvisinei, zvakakoshawo kunzwisisa kuti mubhadhari haasi iye pachake ane zvivimbiso zvekuchengetedza - kubata - asi kunomiririra kwezvivimbiso izvozvo; vatengesi vane zvikamu zvehurumende yekutengeserana, kwete zvikamu zvebato.
2. Mutual Fund Loads
Mitoro inobhadharwa kumutengesi paanenge achitenga kana kutengesa mamwe marudzi emari yekubatana. Kune mhando ina yemitoro: Mitambo yepamberi yekupedzisira inotambirwa mberi (panguva yekutenga) uye inopoteredza inenge 5% asi inogona kunge yakakwirira 8.5%. Somuenzaniso, kana iwe ukaisa $ 1 000 uine 5% yekutakura mutoro, mutoro wekutakura uchava $ 50.00 uye naizvozvo kushambadzira kwako kwekutanga kuchava $ 950.
Zvitadzo zvekupedzisira , zvinonziwo zvigadziriswa zvakatengeswa zvekutengesa mhosva , zvinotongwa chete kana iwe uchitengesa chikwereti chakadzoka shure. Mhosva idzi dzinogonawo kuva 5% kana kupfuura, asi mutoro wacho unowanzopedza nguva uye unogona kuderedzwa kusvika zero mushure mechimwe chiverengero chemakore. Mari -yaidiwa mari ndeyemari inowanzobhadhara mutoro asi inorasikirwa kana pane zvimwe zviitiko zvakakodzera, zvakadai sokutenga kunoitwa mukati me 401 (k) chirongwa.
Hapana-mutoro wemari haitengi mitoro. Iyi ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yemari yekushandisa nokuti kuderedza mari inobatsira kukurudzira kudzoka. Kana uchitsvakurudza mutengo wemari, unogona kuona misiyo yemitambo netsamba 'A' kana kuti 'B' pakuguma kwezita rekubhadhara. Shandisa kirasi A mari inotakura mari yakatarisana uye chikamu B chikamu mari yakadzorerwa zvakare. Dzimwe nguva mari-yaived mari ine tsamba 'LW' pamagumo ezita remari. Zvakare, iva nechokwadi chekutarisa mari-mutoro. Nhamba shomanana dzakanaka dzisina mutoro makambani ekubhadhara mari anosanganisira Vanguard , Fidelity , uye T. Rowe Price .
3. Mutual Fund Share Class:
Mari yega yega yega yega ine chikamu chekugovera , iyo inonyanya kusarudzwa kwekuti mari inobhadhara sei mari. Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ehurumende yekugoverana masangano, rimwe nerimwe rine zvigaro zvaro uye zvisingabatsiri, zvizhinji zvaro zvinonyanya kukoshesa mari.
- Kirasi A mavoti anonziwo "mberi kwemutoro" mari nokuti mari yavo inowirirwa kune "mberi" apo muzvinabhizimisi anotanga kutenga chikamu chemuhomwe. Iyo mitoro inowanzobva pa300 kusvika ku500%. Nhengo dzinowedzera kune vashandi vari kushandisa mutengesi uye vanoronga kuisa mari yakawanda madhora uye vachazotenga zvigaro zvishoma. Kana iyo yekutenga yakawanda zvakakwana, vashandi vanogona kukodzera "purogiramu yekuputsa."
- Chikoro B Kugovana Mari dzeSvondo inhengo yezvikamu zvekutengeserana zvisingaitwi mberi kwekutsvaga kutengesa, asi panzvimbo payo, chengetedza chikwereti chekutengesa kutengesa (CDSC) kana "mutoro wekupedzisira." Zvikamu zveChikoro B zvinowanzova nezvikwereti zvepamusoro 12b-1 kune dzimwe mutual fund share classes.Kuenzaniso, kana mutengi achitenga mutero weClass B, haazobhadharwi mutoro wekutanga asi achazobhadhara shure mutoro kana mutengesi akatengesa zvikamu zvisati zvaitika, zvakadai semakore manomwe, uye vangabhadharwa kusvika 6% kuti vadzikinure zvikamu zvavo. Nhengo dzeChikoro B dzinogona kupedzisira dzichinjana muchikamu cheAchi A pamakore manomwe kana masere. Nokudaro vanogona kunge vakanakisa kune vashandi vasina mari yakakwana yekuisa mari kuti vawane chikamu chekubvisa pane A asi asi vachida kubata masangano B kwemakore anoverengeka kana kupfuura.
- Chikoro C Kugoverwa Mariki inopa "level load" gore negore, iyo inowanzowanzosvika 1.00%, uye mari iyi haisati yaenda, zvichiita C kugoverana mari inoshandiswa mari inonyanya kukosha kune vashandi vanowedzera mari kwenguva refu.Mutoro inowanzowanzo 1.00% . Pakati pezvo, vatengesi vanofanira kushandisa maC share kuti vaite nguva pfupi (pasi pemakore matatu).
- Chikoro D Sangano Rokugovana Mari dzinowanzofanana nemari isina mutoro mukuti iyo inobatanidza mari yechikoro iyo yakasikwa sechimwe shanduko uye yakanyanya kufanana A, B uye share C mari mari iyo iri mberi-mutoro, shure -kutera kana kuti-mutoro, zvichienderana.
- Chikoro Adv Share Funds inongowanikwa chete kuburikidza nemudzidzisi wekutsinhanisa, saka kushandurwa "Adv." Iyi mari inowanzosa-mutoro (kana iyo inonzi "mutoro-waived") asi inogona kuva nemari 12b-1 kusvika ku 0.50%. Kana uri kushanda nemudzidzisi wekutsvaga mari kana imwe nyanzvi yezvemari, mazano aApri anokwanisa kuva sarudzo yako yakanakisisa nokuti mari inowanzosara.
- Chikoro Inst Sharing Funds (aka Chikoro I, Chikoro X, kana Chikoro Y) inongowanikwa chete kune vashandi vekugadzira zvikwereti nemari shoma yekusimwa mari ye $ 25,000 kana kupfuura.
- Mutoro-Waivevedzwa Funds ndezvekubhadharana mari kune dzimwe nzira dzekudzidzira kune mari yakatakurwa, dzakadai seA share class fund. Sezvinonzi zita racho, mutual fund load inodzingwa (isina kukwidzwa). Kazhinji mari iyi inopiwa muna 401 (k) inoronga apo mari yakatakurwa haisi yekusarudza. Mutoro-waived mutual funds unozivikanwa ne "LW" pamugumo wezita remari uye pakuguma kwechiratidzo chekiti . Semuenzaniso, American Funds Growth Fund yeAmerica A (AGTHX), iyo iA share fund, inosarudzwa nemutoro, American Funds Growth Fund ye America A LW (AGTHX.LW).
- C lass R Share Funds hauna mutoro (kureva mutoro wepamberi, mutoro wekupedzisira kana mutoro wepamusoro) asi vane 12b-1 mari inowanzobva kubva ku 0.25% kusvika ku 0.50%. Kana yako 401 (k) inongopa R share class money, yako mari inogona kunge iri yakakwirira kudarika kana kusarudzwa kwekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwaisanganisira pasina mutoro (kana mutoro-waived) shanduro yemari imwechete.
4. Kuda mari
Kunyange kana muridzi wekushandisa anoshandisa mari isina chekuita, kune zvipimo zvinoshandiswa izvo zvisiri izvo zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa mumashandisirwo emari. Nhamba yebhadharo ndiyo yepamusoro yebhadharo yakabhadharwa kune mutual fund kambani yekugadzirisa nekushanda chikwereti, kusanganisira yose yekushandisa mari uye 12b-1 mari. Sangano re mutual fund rinotora mari iyo kubva muhomwe isati yatora mubhadhari achiona kudzoka. Semuenzaniso, kana chikwereti chemari yekutengeserana chikwereti cha100%, uye iwe wakapa $ 10 000, mari yegore rakapiwa yaizova $ 100. Zvisinei, mari yacho haina kutorwa zvakananga kubva muhomwe yako. Mari iyo inowedzera inogadzirisa kudzoka kwakakwana kwechikwama. Ita zvakasiyana, kana chikwereti ichiwana 10%, musati waita mari, mugore rakapiwa, muzvikwereti aizoona kuburitswa kwematare kwe 9.00% (10.00% - 1.00%).
5. Index Index
Mutsara, pamusoro pekutsvaga mari, inhamba yekuenzanisa shanduro dzevimbiso dzinomirira chikamu chinotsanangurwa chemusika. Semuenzaniso, S & P 500 Index , ndiyo shanduro yemakero mazana mashanu emakero makuru. Nhepfenyuro yemari inongova mari inobatanidza mari iyo inowedzera muzvivimbiso zvakafanana nechechirongwa chekucherechedza. Izvo zvine musoro pakushandisa mari yekuenzanisira ndeyokuti, nekufamba kwenguva, vazhinji vevashandi vemari vanoita mari havagoni kuparadzanisa marukari akawandisa emakiti. Nokudaro, panzvimbo yekuedza "kurova pamusika," kuchenjera kungoita mari. Ichi chikonzero nderudzi rwe "kana iwe usingakwanisi kurova" em, shandisa 'em' zano. Iyo yakanakisisa index yemari ine zvinhu zvishomanana zvinokosha zvakafanana. Vanochengetedza mari shoma, vanoita basa rakanaka rekufananidza zvinyorwa zvekutsvaga (zvinonzi tracking error), uye vanoshandisa nzira dzakakodzera dzokuyera. Semuenzaniso, chimwe chikonzero cheVanguard ine zvimwe zvemadhenari ekudhura kwemadhora ekutsvaga mari yavo ndeyekuti ivo vanoita zvishoma kudengesa uye ivo ndevane vavanhoti vavo. Kana nhepfenyuro yemari ine mari yekutengesa ye 0.12 asi iyo yakafanana nehomwe ine mari yebhadharo ye 0.22, iyo inodhura mari yekodzero ine mari inoshandiswa pfupi ye 0.10. Izvi chete zvinongodarika masendi gumi chete ekuchengetwa kwemadhora evanhu 100 akashandiswa asi mari imwe neimwe inofanirwa, kunyanya kwenguva refu, yekuenzanisa.
6. Misika yepamusoro
Nekuchengetwa kwezvikwata zvekutsvaga mari mumaketeni (kana mushamba wehomwe), zvinoreva mutengo wekugoverwa kwezviyo unowedzera nehuwandu hwezvikamu zvakakosha. Kuwanda kwehutano humwe mari inoshandiswa inoshandiswa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemari yemari inotengeswa yematokari ayo ehurumende yemari. Izvi zvinokosha nokuti vatengi vanofanirwa kuva nechokwadi chezvavari kutenga. Zvikuru-cap Stock Stock Funds inowedzera mumatanda emakambani nemakambani makuru emakethe, kazhinji akareba kupfuura $ 10 mabhiriyoni. Makambani aya akawandisa zvokuti iwe zvichida wakanzwa nezvavo kana iwe ungatotenga zvigadzirwa kana mabasa kubva kwavari nguva dzose. Mamwe mazita makuru-mashizha anosanganisira Wal-Mart, Exxon, GE, Pfizer, Bank of America, Apple uye Microsoft. Mid-cap Stock Funds inowedzera mumatokari emakambani ekuma-size capitalization, kazhinji pakati pe $ 2 mabhiriyoni uye $ 10 mabhiriyoni. Mamwe mazita emakambani aungaona, akadai sa Harley Davidson neNetflix, asi vamwe vangave musingazivi, zvakadai seSanDisk Corporation kana Life Technologies Corp. Small-cap Stock Funds inowedzera mumatokari emakambani emadhora mashoma, inowanzosvika $ 500 mamiriyoni uye $ 2 biliyoni. Kunyange zvazvo bhizimusi-dollar corporation inogona kuoneka yakakura kwauri, yakawanda kana ichifananidzwa neWal-Marts uye Exxons yenyika. Chimwe chikamu chediki-mashesi mashomanana ndeche "Micro-cap," iyo inomiririra mutengo wekutsinhanisa mari mumakambani nemavhareji emari yemari inowanzosvika pasi pe $ 750 mamiriyoni.
7. Mutual Fund Style
Pamusoro pemari yemitengo, mashizha, uye mari yemari yakarongeka nemutauro wakaiswa muKukura, Kukosha kana kuenzanisa zvinangwa. Growth Stock Funds inowedzera mukukura kwematokari, ayo ari mashomanana emakambani anotarisirwa kukura pamwero wepamhanho kudarika mutengo wepamusi. Kuwedzera Kwekuchengetwa Kwemari Mari inotengesera kukoshesa zvikwata, izvo zvikwereti zvemakambani anoshandiswa nemurimari kana mutual fund manager anotenda kuti ari kutengesa pamutengo wakaderera kupfuura kukosha kwemusika. Kukosha Kwekubhadhara Mari Mari inowanzonzi Dividend Mutual Funds nokuti kukosha kwezvikwata zvinowanzobhadhara chikwereti kuvashambadziri, asi iyo inowanzo kukohwa haina kubhadhara chikwereti kumutengesi nokuti sangano rinodzosera zvikamu kuti riwedzere kukura sangano. Blend Stock Funds inowedzera mune mutsara wekukura uye kukoshesa zvikwata. Mari yeBond inewo maitiro ekutsanangurira, ayo ane 2 mapoka ekutanga: 1) Kukura / nguva, iyo inoratidzirwa seyenguva refu, mukati-kati-nguva, uye nguva pfupi, 2) Izvo zvikwereti, izvo zvakakamurwa kuva yakakwirira, uye pasi (kana pasina).
8. Mari Yakakwana
Mari yakarongeka ndiyo mari inobatanidza iyo inopa kusanganiswa (kana kuenzanisa) kwepasi pekushandisa mari, zvakadai sematokisi, zvisungo, uye mari. Iyo inonziwo hybrid funds kana asset allocation funds, iyo inoshandiswa inosara inoramba ichigadziriswa uye inoshandisa chinangwa chakataurwa kana kuti mari yekutsvaga. Semuenzaniso, mari yekuchengetedza yakawanda inogona kuisa mukana wekuchengetedza kwezvinhu zvakasara zvekutsvaga mari, zvakadai se 40% mashizha, 50% zvisungo, uye 10% yemari misika.
9. Target Date Retirement Funds
Iyi fund type inoshanda sezita rayo rinoratidza. Mari imwe neimwe ine gore muzita remari iyi, yakadai seVanguard Target Retirement 2055 (VFFVX), iyo inenge iri mari yakakosha kune mumwe munhu anotarisira kubhadhara mukati kana gore rakapera gore ra2055. Dzimwe mhuri dzakawanda dzehupfumi, dzakadai sekutendeka uye T. Rowe Price, kupa chibvumirano chezuva rekubhadhara mari. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvavanoshandisa, kunze kwokungopa zuva rairova : Mufambisi wechikoro anopa zvakakodzera kugoverwa kwezvinhu (kusanganiswa kwematokisi, zvisungo, uye mari) uye zvishoma nezvishoma anoshandura zvinyorwa kune imwe nzvimbo inowanikwa (zvishomanana, masangano, uye mari) sezvo zuva rinotarisana rinoswedera pedyo.
10. Chikamu Mari
Iyi mari inotarisa pane imwe shandhu, chinangwa chevanhu kana sangano sekutarisira utano, dzimba kana teknolojia. Chinangwa chavo chekutsinhanisa ndechokupa hukuru hwekutsvaga kune mamwe mapoka emabhizimisi, anoshevedzwa. Vashandi vemari vanobatanidza mari vanoshandisa mari yezvikamu kuti vawedzere kuisa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzehurumende dzinofunga kuti dzichaita zviri nani kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Nokuenzanisa, zvakasiyana-siyana mutual funds - avo vasingateereri pane imwe nharaunda - vachange vava kutarisa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzehurumende. Semuenzaniso, S & P 500 Index Fund inopa kubudiswa kune zvikamu, zvakadai sehutano, simba, teknolojia, zvishandiso, uye makambani emari. Vashandi vanofanirwa kuchenjerera nemari yezvikamu nekuti kune kuwedzerwa kwematengesi emusana pamusana pekushaya simba kana chikamu chinotanga kuderera. Kunyanya-kutarisana kune imwe sangano, somuenzaniso, inzira yekutengesa nguva iyo inogona kuratidza kukuvadza kune chikwereti chemarikiti kana rutivi rwunoita zvisina kunaka.
Zvinonzwisisika: Mashoko ari pawebsite ino anopa mazano ekukurukurirana chete, uye haafaniri kushandiswa zvisina kunaka sekutsvaga mazano. Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu iyo ruzivo runomiririra hutungamiri kutenga kana kutengesa zvigumisiro.