Mabhizimisi mazhinji ane maitiro, uye izvo zvinotenderera zvinokonzera kubatsirwa. Nhare yekutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakasvibirira inowanzova yakakwirira uye inodarika nguva.
Nokudaro, kune dhigirii yakakura yezvinyengeri mumabhizimisi ane chokuita nemari. Zvinhu zvekutengeserana zvinowanzosimudzirwa kumatengo apo vatengi vanowedzera michina sezvo zvikwereti zvinowedzera. Kana matengo achikwira kumusoro, kuda kunowanzoita kuti zvisike, uye zvinyorwa zvinotungamirira kuwedzera mune zvakachengetwa. Parizvino, mutengo uchakwira uye unotanga kutama. Zvadaro mitengo inowira kune imwe nzvimbo apo kuda kunotanga kukwira uye zvinyorwa zvinodonha pane imwe nzvimbo pasi mukutengo kunoitika. Kudyidzana uye kudiwa kuchinja ndiko kunonyanya kukosha kwekutengesa kwezvinhu mumisika yemari.
Kudiwa Kunokura
Kana zvasvika kune zvekurima zvekurima, marongerwo emitengo inowanzoitika kune nguva. Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo nyika yakawanda inowanika kukura zvirimwa ndeyepasi papasi redu, chikamu chekuda kweiyo equation chave chiri kukura pamutengo wekuongorora. Muna 1960, paive nevanhu vashoma mabhiriyoni matatu pasi pano; muna 2016 chizvarwa chaive chinopfuura 7.3 mabhiriyoni.
Nokudaro, vanhu vazhinji vaida zvokudya zvakawanda uye kuda kwezvokurima zvekurima zvakanyanya kuwedzera nehuwandu hwevanhu. Chikamu chekuda kwezvakakosha uye kuda kwekuenzanisa kwave kuchikura gore negore. Kugovera ndeimwe nyaya.
Gore roga roga kubudiswa kwezvinhu zvekurima kunoshanda kwezvinhu zvakawanda kusanganisira mamiriro okunze, zvirwere zvezvirimwa, geopolitical uye zviitiko zvinogadzirisa, pamwe chete nedzimwe nyaya dzakawandisa izvo vazhinji vanokonzera kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha mune zvakawanda zvezvokudya zvatinodya.
Zvinhu zvitatu zvinotakura zviyo zvakakonzerwa pasi rose gore negore zviyo , soya , uye gorosi .
Chibage
Chigadziko ndicho chinhu chinokosha; iyo chibage chirimwa uye nhengo yeuswa uswa hwemhuri. Mhando dzegorosi dzinodiwa kuti dzigadzire zvokudya zvakawanda zvekudya uye zvipfuwo zvekudya. High-fructose corn syrup, corn starch, mafuta emafuta, uye lysine zviri zviyo zvakagadzirwa nezvibage. Ethanol, biofuel, isiriwo chibage. Zvose petoro inotengeswa muUnited States ine yezana yeethanol . Mutori wenyika anotungamira uye mutengesi wezviyo gore roga roga iU.S.
Gorosi
Gorosi inonzi gluten, kana protein, uye starch. Gorosi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa muupfu, inotarisirwa pakugadzirwa kwezvokudya zvizhinji, kusanganisira zviyo, chingwa, pasta, keke uye makiki, pamwe nevamwe vakawanda. Uyezve, uswa hwebasi, mapepa emashizha egorosi, mashizha, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji zveimba zvinoda gorosi kuti zvigadzirwa. Vatori venyika vari kutungamirira gorosi vanosanganisira Russia , European Union, US, uye mamwe marudzi mazhinji pasi rose. Gore roga roga muteresi mukuru wegorosi unobva pakugadzirwa kwemichero pasi pose iyo inogona kusiyana nemamiriro ekunze uye mamwe mamiriro.
Soybeans
MaSoybe inomera yakasiyana-siyana, uye soybean mafuta uye soybean kudya soybeans yakasvibirira inogadzirwa michina yemafuta.
Makambani ekugadzira soybean akafanana naArcher Daniels Midland (ADM), Bunge (BG), uye vamwe vanopwanya soybea dzakasvibirira mumiti. Sokudya yeSoybean ip-protein fiber uye chikuru chezvipfuwo zvinowedzera mutengo apo mafuta e-soya inowanzodiwa yekubika pasi pose uye anoshandisa pakugadzira margarini, maharadi, mazaiise, uye zvimwe zvezvokudya zvezuva nezuva. IUnited States ndiyo inotungamirira mutori wenyika uye mutengesi we soya, asi kuSouth America ikakonzera zvakare inokosha inowanikwa yezvirimwa gore negore.
Iyo mitatu yepamusoro yega yega inobhadhara uye inoda zvakakosha asi zvakadaro nekufamba kwenguva inowanzoenda uye ichidzika mumutengo pamwechete. Mbeu idzi dzakapfuura nenzombe dzakawanda uye misika yemakethe kudarika kwemakore akapfuura. Ikokupedzisira yemakakatengesi emombe yemombe muzviyo zvakaitika mugore ra2012 apo kunaya kwakadzika paMapani Akaorera eUnited States.
Dongo rakasviba semigumisiro yemamiriro akaoma akaita kuti michero yezvirimwa kuregere uye kukohwa kwakakonzerwa kunokonzera kukanganisa mumisika matatu yezviyo; kudiwa kwepasi pose kwakapfuura zvinhu zvinowanikwa zviripo zvichiita kuti zvinyorwa zviwande uye mitengo inowedzera zvinoshamisa. Mutengo wegorosi wakasimuka kusvika kune imwe nguva yepamusoro yeanenge madhora 8.50 pamusasa, apo masayi akakwira pachikwereti chayo nguva yose ye $ 18 per bushel. Sezvo kugadzirwa kwegorosi kuri kupararira munyika yose, mutengo wakasimuka kusvika pasi pe $ 9.50 pamabhasire sekugadzirwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzakagadzirwa dzakakonzerwa nehupfumi kubva kuUnited States yakasviba gore iroro. Gorosi rainge rasvika panguva yose yaro muna 2008 apo mutengo wakasimuka kusvika kudarika $ 13.30 pamasikati sezvo mamiriro okunze emamiriro okunze enyika akaita kuti michero yezvibereko iwedzere kuderera zvichikonzera kushaiwa kwezviyo.
Bumper Crops Kubvira 2012
Kubvira pakunaya kwemakore apfuura, mamiriro okunze akabvumirana nemisika yezviyo uye 2016 yaiva gore rechina rakananga rezviyo zvakawanda, soybean, uye zviyo zvegorosi munyika yose. Mutsara wekodhi-yakabudiswa makore yakabvisa zviputi kuti zvimuke, uye pasinei nekuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwezvido zvepasi rose, huwandu huri muhuwandu hunoita kuti mitengo iwedzere. Pakupedzisira kwegore ra2016, gorosi raitengeswa pamutengo wakaderera mumakore gumi iri pasi pe $ 3.60 per bushel. Mutengo wezviyo wakanyurawo, uchidonhera kusvika kune $ 3 chete apo soybeans yakaenda nedir yavo ne $ 8.49 pese.
Nhamba dzezviyo zviduku dzaive nhau dzakanaka kune vatengi vemunyika sezvo mari yakawanda yekudya haina kuwedzera sezvaiita muna 2012 uye kwaive nekuwanda kwekuwanikwa. Zvisinei, kune avo vanobatanidzwa pakugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvezviyo, kuputika mumitengo pamusoro pemakore mana kubva muna 2013-2016 kwakaguma nemiganhu shoma shoma kana kurasikirwa uye kuderera kwemari uye mari yekushandisa mumari. Mutengo wezvinetso wakakonzera vatori vemagetsi kubva kunze kwebhizimisi rekurima, uye makambani makuru ehurumende vakazviwana vamanikidzwa kuita shanduko huru mumabhizimisi avo kuti vararame kwenguva yemberi.
Industry Consolidation
Mukutanga kwegore ra2016, makambani maviri anoshingaira mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha mumhizha yezvokurima, Dow Chemical, uye DuPont vakabvuma kubatana. Mugore racho, makambani makuru makuru emafuta, Potash Corporation yeSaskatchewan uye Agrium Incorporation vakasarudza kubatana nekubatana nesimba. Pakupera kwegore ra2016, Monsanto Company, imwe yenyika yakawanda yevarimi vembeu, yakanga yakamirira kutenderwa kutenderwa muUnited States neEurope kuitira kubatanidza naBayer AG, kambani huru yeGermany yemishonga. Uyezve, Syngenta AG, Swiss-based pesticide uye mbeu inogadzira mbeu iri mukugadzirisa pamwe neChina National Chemical Corporation. Zvose izvi zvinobatanidza inopindurwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emabhizimisi munharaunda yezvekurima yepasi rose.
Economies of Scale
Sezvo mitengo yezvikamu zvitatu zvezviyo zviyo zvakakonzerwa uye zvakasara zviwanikwa zvakagadzirwa, varimi, mapurogiramu, uye varairi vezviyo uye zvigadzirwa zvine chokuita nezviyo vakazviwana ivo vane mari shoma yekushandisa pazvirimwa zvinokonzera kutengesa mitengo. Kubatanidzwa mune zvebhizimisi mabhizimusi kusanganisira, mbeu, fertilizer, makemikari nezvimwe zvinokonzerwa zvakakosha pakukura zvirimwa zvinopa vanhu pasi pose ndezvokupindura kumiganhu shoma inobatsira. Kubatana nekuwana mune zvekurima kwekurima kunoita kuti hupfumi huve huwandu hwekurima kwekurima kwekurima huchapera nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu, kutungamirirwa nekugadziriswa kwekutengeserana nekukwikwidza kuduku mumhizha semakambani mashomanana anotonga mabhizinesi.
Varimi Chinangwa
Varimi vakawanda nevamwe vari mubhizinesi rekugadzira zviyo zvezviyo vakaramba kuti kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri kuchaita kuti hurumende dzive dzakakosha asi dzichaita kuti mitengo yezvibereko iwedzere sezvo kukwikwidzana kuderera munguva yemberi. Nguva ichataura kana varimi venyika vachamuka vachifambisa chikwereti chezvibatanidza izvi. Munguva iyi, sezvo dzakawanda zvekubatanidzwa izvi zvinosanganisira makambani ekugara munyika dzakasiyana-siyana pasi rose, kubatana uye kugadziriswa kunowanikwa pasi pemvumo yepamutemo mune imwe nharaunda. Iyo nzira yekugamuchirwa yakanga ichienderera mberi pakupera kwe 2016, uye haigone kuve yakaoma. Somuenzaniso, Monsanto inobereka mbeu muUnited States iyo inogadziriswa. IEurope yakabvisa mbeu idzi dze GMO uye kusangana pakati peMonsanto naBayer kunoda kuwana mvumo kune zvose zveUnited States neEU zvinounza matambudziko akawanda mukugadzirisa. Iyi nhaurirano inongova muenzaniso mumwe chete wevakawanda, wezvinetso zvinotarisana apo kuedza kuisa makambani maviri ayo makuru ekupa zviwanikwa kumhizha yezvekurima pasi pose pamwe chete. MuUnited States, nyaya yekurwisa-kuvimba kana kuti zvinyorwa zvisikwa zvakasikwa nezvibatanidza izvi zvingaguma nekuramba kurongedza kubvumidzwa.
Input Mutengo May May Rise - Pasi Kupikisana
Kuparara kwezvikwereti zvinowanikwa muzvikwereti uye kukonzerwa kwekutengesa muhuwandu hwezvekurima zvekurima kwakakonzera kudiwa kwehupfumi hwehuwandu hwekupona. Kana zvasvika pamitengo yezviyo uye zvimwe zvekurima zvekurima, kuwedzerwa mumutengo wezvibereko mukurima kunogona kuwedzera mari yekugadzirwa kwemichero munguva yemberi. Munyika yezvinhu zvekutengeserana, mutengo unowanzosvika kune imwe nhamba apo mari yekugadzira yakakwirira kupfuura mutengo wemusika wezvinhu zvakasara. Kana izvozvo zvikaitika, varimi vanorega kubudisa uye kushayikwa kunokonzera kukonzera mitengo. Sezvo iwe uchigona kuona maitiro emhando, zvigadzirwa zvemafuta zvinowanzoita kuti misika ishande zvakanaka munguva. Vanosimudzirwa kumwero wekutengesa apo kukwidzika kunowedzera uye kunowira kumatengo apo kubuda kunova uneconomic. Muzviitiko zvose izvi, misika ichaita kuburikidza nekudzikinura zvinhu zvekunaka kwehutano hwekuenzana.
Ikoko kwakanga kune kuwedzerwa mubasa rekubatanidza nekuwana mumisika yekurima muna 2016 semugumisiro wemakemikari. Kunyange zvakadaro, nguva inotevera apo kune mhando yemombe muzviyo uye zvekurima, zvinenge zvichiitika kuti vatsva vanopa mbeu, fertilizers, makemikari, nezvimwe zvinoda kukohwa zvinotanga kusvika panzvimbo yekukwikwidzana nevatengi kana vachiedza kuwedzera mitengo kusvika kusingaverengeki mazinga. Balisitori inzira inobudirira yekupindura kumitambo yekutengeserana uye zviitiko zviri mune zvekurima pamusoro pemakore achangobva kupfuura ndeye muenzaniso wemabhizimisi anotarisana nematambudziko emitengo. Kubatana nekuenzanisira kwekuwanda kwevanhu uye kushandiswa kwemamiriro okunze emamiriro okunze kunenge kunovimbisa kuti misika yezviyo ichachinja kubva pamabiko kuenda kune nzara mumakore apfuura apo inosvika kune izvo zviripo zviripo uye nematengo. Chibage, soybea uye gorosi mune ramangwana kushandiswa kweChicago Board of Trade (CBOT) chikamu cheChicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME ). Makore anoverengeka apfuura, idzi kugoverana zvakabatana pakugadzira hupfumi hwehuwandu. Iwe unogona kuwana ruzivo rwakanyanya pamusoro pemusika wezviyo kubva kuDhipatimendi reUnited States rezvekurima rekurima reWASDE .