Zvekare Kuvandudzwa
Makore akawanda akapfuura yakaonekwa ibharobheni huru yekushandisa nhengo dzezai dze xenotransplantation kwaivepo kuvapo kwegalactosyl (GAL) yakabatana nemasero ezvitunha zvemhuka uye yakagadzirwa ne enzyme alpha-galactosyl transferase. Vavatendi, kusanganisira vanhu, havana GAL-mazano pane zvisikwa zvavo uye vanobudisa zvirwere zvinorwisana navo, zvichiita kuti varambe zvikamu zvezvipfuwo zvakatemwa.
Kubvira pakasimbiswa kuti izvo zvinokonzera kurambwa kwemuviri zvakanyanya kuoma pane izvozvo, uye mamwe maantigen akave akabatanidzwa mumagadzirirwo emagadzirirwo evanhu. Zvisinei, zvirwere zvekudzivirira zvirwere zvinoramba zviri zvipingamupinyi zvikuru kune xenotransplantation, maererano naDkt. Muhammad Mohiuddin weNIH Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Program, National Heart, Lung, uye Blood Institute.
Mukuwedzera kune zvisizvo zvehutachiona, kune ngozi yekuchengeteka kwevanhu vose, nekuda kwekukwanisa kwehutachiona hwemugadziri wechirwere nehutachiona hwemhuka, uye nyaya dzekodzero dzemhuka, izvo zvinokonzera kukakavadzana kwetsika pamusoro penyaya ye xenotransplantation.
Somugumisiro, panewo matambudziko akawanda ekugadzirisa kukunda, before xenotransplantation inoshandiswa zuva nezuva.
Chii chiri pa Stake?
Kupararira kwezvipfu zvemhuka kune vanhu zvakajeka kunoitwa pamutengo wemhuka iri mubvunzo. Vatsigiri vekodzero dzezvipfuwo vanotenda kuti hazvisi tsika dzakagamuchirwa kupa zvipfuwo kuti zvibatsire hupenyu hwevanhu, kunyangwe kushandiswa kwezvikamu zvavo kana kuti kutsvakurudza kwakakosha kudzidza chikonzero chekudzivirira muviri kunokonzera kurambwa kwechirongwa.
Vanhu havasi mungozi munyaya ino kana. Migumisiro yakasvibiswa yemavhidhiyo emhuka ichava nevanogamuchirwa vevanhu vasati vazivikanwa. Vapikisi ve xenotransplantation vanotya kuti mavairasi aya, kana aiswa muhutano hwevanhu angakonzera zvirwere zvezvirwere izvo zvatisina zvirwere uye pasina mushonga. Nguruve, somuenzaniso, iye zvino mhando dzakanakisisa dzemhuka yekugadzira nhengo dzevanhu, kutakura retrovirus inonzi PERV (Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus). Iyi hutachiona yakaratidzwa kuti inokanganisa masero evanhu uye migumisiro yehutachiona haisati yasarudzwa.
Vamwe vanopikisa xenotransplantation vanotenda kuti mhuka haisi iyo mhinduro, asi makambani aya anotsvaga maitiro ari kungotarisa kuti awane mari kubva pakukwanisa kwavo kubatanidza masero emhuka uye kugadzira GMOs , kunyanya GM pigs (kugogodza kusina alpha-galactosyl transferase enzyme).
The Pros
Kushandisa nhengo dzemhuka kunoderedza nguva yakawanda vanhu vazhinji vanofanira kumirira chimiro chakanaka, uye vanobvumira kutenderera kuchiitika apo mupiki achiripo akasimba uye ane utano hwakanaka uye ari nani anokwanisa kubvumira chirwere. Maererano nehuwandu hwakatorwa neLincoln Journal Star, nhamba yemazuva 20 000 inochinja gore rimwe nerimwe muAmerica inogona kuwedzera kusvika ku100 000, kana nhengo dzemhuka dzichishandiswa, uye 12 kubva kune 73,000 veAmerica vakamirira kuchinja vanofa zuva rimwe nerimwe.
Zvinotarisirwa kuti maitiro ezvino ekujovedza masero ekupa muhove embryos, mu utero, achabvisa kudiwa kwemishonga inofanirwa kugadzirisa zvirwere sezvinoratidzwa izvi kuti mupiwe uye mupiki agone kushandiswa kana akaedzwa kuve nguruve nemamwe mhuka. Izvi zvinoreva kushandiswa kwema-molecular genetics nzira yekuumba mhuka dzeGM, zvakanyatsoshandurwa kuti dzive mutezo wemubatsiri wemunhu. Kugogodza kunogona kuumbwa uye kukwidziridzwa kuitira chinangwa choga chekubayirwa mishonga.
Nguruve chisarudzo chakanaka chemupi wemugove nekuda kwenguva yavo yechinguvana, kukura nokukurumidza nekukura kwezvikamu (kufanana nevanhu). Hyperacute rejection (HAR) yezvikamu kubva kuGal-knockout nguruve dzakaiswa mumakumbo zvakadzivirirwa nekuda kwekusabatwa kwekutaura kwema-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene.
Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe mhinduro dzekudzivirira zvirwere dziripo, pane tariro yokuti maitiro ezvimwe mazamu anozogoneka, kugadzirisa nyaya yaH HAR muvanhu.
Maererano naDr. Muhammad Mohiuddin, nyaya dzehutsika dzakagadziriswa nehutano hwechirwere chinopararira kubva kumhuka kusvika kuvanhu chinoratidzika kunge chine mvura shoma pane yaimbofunga, sezvo PERV isina kuwanikwa kuti inobata chero vanhu vanobatwa nehave yenguruve, uye hapana zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nekurwara kwevashandi vekurima varimi vanobatanidzwa mukubata nguruve.
Nguruve dzakachena kwazvo uye dzinogona kukurudzirwa munzvimbo dzakachena zvakakwana kana zvichidiwa. Nguruve dzepuru dzekutsvakurudza pamusoro pe xenotransplantation dzine mabheji akachengetwa nemafuta ekuchengetedza mavairasi uye mabhakitiriya. Mune ramangwana, kana / kana nguruve dzichikwirirwa kuti vanhu vafambe, kunyange vashandi vemapurazi vachapfekedza masikisi kuitira kudzivirira kuonekwa kwevenguru kumatachiona evanhu.
The Cons
Nhau dzetsika dzakapoteredza kushandiswa kwezvikamu zvemhuka zvekuchinja kwevanhu zvinoita sezvikamu zvitatu. Iko kune dambudziko rekodzero dzemhuka uye kubereka kwemhuka kungoshandiswa kwevanhu uye kubatsirwa kwechiremba. Chechipiri, kune vamwe vanotenda kuti xenotransplant teknolojia ndiyo imwe nzira yekambani dzebhaotech kuti dziwane mari, uye hadzina hanya nehupenyu hwemhuka kana kunyatsofunga nezvehupenyu hwevanhu, nekuda kwekuonekwa kwavo kusaremekedza nyaya yechitatu , iyo inenge isingazivikanwi pamarudzi evanhu, inofanirwa kuve nehutachiona hutsva iyo tisina mushonga.
Kwainoenda
Nyanzvi dzinobatanidzwa mukutsvakurudza kwe xenotransplant dzinoita sokuti dzinodzingisa dzakawanda dzepikisano nehutaneti. Maererano nemutungamiri wekutsvaga Dr. William Beschorner paYunivhesiti yeNebraska Medical Centre, uyo akabudirira kuisa mwoyo nemidziyo mikuru yeropa pakati penguruve nemakwai, chiito chekirasi nemhosva dzisina mhosva dzinogona kubuda kubva noupenzi dzichikanda pfuti, risati risati rasvika. yakataurirwa, inofanira kunge yakakwana kudzivisa chero munhu kubva pangozi yekuchengetedzwa kwevatengi kungoita mari. Uyezve, mumwe mubazi asingazivikanwi akataurwa naBob Reeves weLincoln Journal Star vachitaura kuti pfuma yevarimi venguruve ingadai isina zvishoma.
Mutevedzeri Dr. Andrew Jameton, weNebraska Medical Center muOmaha, akataura kuti nyaya iyi haisi yakasiyana nekutsvakurudza mune imwe nzira yezvehutano. Kunyange zvazvo chido chekucherechedza nekubhadharwa nekuda kwekubhadharwa kwekutsvakurudza nguva dzose chiri muedzo, especailly apo vashandi vanoita zvekutengeserana vanobatanidzwa, "masayendisiti munharaunda dzose vanofanira kungwarira kurega kuti purogiramu isvike mberi nenzira yesayenzi uye yakarurama". Iko ndiko kuti, nyaya yekuvimbika haisi mukuru pane izvi kupfuura mune imwe mimwe masayenzi esayenzi uye haifaniri kuonekwa sechikonzero chokudzivirira teknolojia yekuponesa upenyu.
Masayendisiti anobatanidzwa mune tsvakurudzo ye xenotransplant vanoti tsvakurudzo yavo yakanyatsorongedzerwa uye kuti mhuka dzinobatanidzwa dzinobatwa nekuremekedzwa kukuru, kunze kwekupiwa chero mapeiniti kana anesthetics anodiwa kuti vaite zvakanaka. Muzviitiko zvizhinji, masero emagunha haana kubatana nhengo dzomukati, naizvozvo mhuka haigoni kunzwa kurwadziwa kubva kuchirongwa chinorambwa.
Ichokwadi, inofanirwa kubvumidzwa kuti hapana chekufambira mberi kwechiremba kwevanhu ingadai yakapedzwa pasina mhuka yekuedza. Zvisinei, chokwadi ichocho chinoramba chiripo kuti xenotransplantation ine tsika pane imwe nzvimbo yakasiyana, sezvo kunyange mushure mokunge teknolojia yave yakagadzwa, mhuka dzinorarama dzicharamba dzichidikanwa kugoverwa nekuda kwehupenyu hwevanhu vanobatsirwa.
Sources:
Mohiuddin, M. Clinical Xenotransplantation yeZviri: Sei tisati tavapo? PLOS Med. 4 (3): e75. doi: 10.1371 / magazini.pmed.0040075.
Reeves, B. Mhuka dzeMhuka Dzinopikira Vanhu, Mugadziri Nguruve Chinangwa cheMed Center Ongororo, uye Sirivo Rinosimbisa Tsvakurudzo. Lincoln Journal Star inowanikwa mumatare ekurapa Maitiro: Tough Choices.