Maitiro eGeorge Soros Akaputsa Bhengi reEngland
George Soros angangodaro anozivikanwa zvikuru mutengesi wemari munyika, nekuda kwebhati yake yakakodzera panguva uye yakashinga neBhange reEngland, pane zvakazozivikanwa se Black Black. Nezvinodhura zvinokwana £ 3.3 mabhiriyoni, bhanhire guru reBrithani raisakwanisa kuzvidzivirira pachavo kubva kurwiswa mumisika yemari , uye Mr. Soros akaita mari inofungidzirwa $ 1 bhiriyoni muzvikwereti semugumisiro.
Muchikamu chino, tichatarisa zvakaitika paChishanu Chitatu uye zvimwe zvidzidzo kubva kune dambudziko kumabhangi makuru nehurumende munguva yemberi.
Kugadzirisa Dhigiri reChishanu Chitatu
IEuropean Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) yakagadziridzwa muna March 1979 kuitira kuti kuderedza kushandiswa kwehuwandu hwekushandurwa kwehutano nekugadzirisa mitemo yemari muEurope isati yatanga mari yakafanana yaizozozivikanwa se euro. Zviri nyore kuisa, iyo ERM inotarisa kumusoro nepamucheto marefu umo kushandiswa kwemari kunogona kusiyana-kunozivikanwa semusana-peg.
Britain yakatanga kutamba kupinda muE ERM apo yakatanga, asi gare gare yakagadzirisa mitemo yepamutemo-iyo yakasvibisa Deutsche Mark. Muna Gumiguru ra1990, nyika yakasarudza kubatana neE ERM mushure mekuzununguswa muhutungamiri, kudzivirira mari yayo kubva kuchinjeka kudarika 6% mune imwe nzira kuburikidza nekupindira mumatengesi emari ne countertrades.
Kuchena Nechikonzero Chine Chinangwa Chine Chitatu
Apo Britain yakabatana neE ERM, chiyero chakanga chakaiswa ku 2.95 Deutsche Marks paPound Sterling uye 6% inotenderwa kufamba kune imwe nzira.
Dambudziko nderokuti kuwedzera kwenyika yacho kwaive katatu kune yeGermany, mutengo wekutora waiva 15%, uye hupfumi hwenyika yacho hwakanga huri kure munguva isingagoneki kukura - kuisa danho rekugadzirisa nguva.
Vatengesi vemari vanocherechedza zvinetso izvi uye vakatanga kutengesa Pound Sterling - kureva, kukwereta nekubva vatendeuka kuva mari yekunze nechibvumirano chekudzoka zvakare mune ramangwana.
George Soros akanga ari mumwe wevatengesi vemabhiza echikwereti, achiunganidza nzvimbo pfupi yePound Sterling inopfuura $ 10 bhiriyoni.
Dutu Chitatu Nokuguma Kwaro
Mutungamiri weUnited States uye nhengo dzekambani dzakabvumidza kushandisa mabhiriyoni ePounds Sterling mukuedza kuva nekutengesa kutsva nevanotsvakurudza. Uyezve, hurumende yeBritain yakashuma kuti yaizosimudza chibereko chayo kubva kune 10% kusvika ku15% kuedza nekukwezva vatengesi vemari vachitarisira zvibereko zvakakura pamari yavo.
Zvinosuruvarisa, vatengesi vemari vaisatenda kuti hurumende yaizoita zvakanaka pazvivimbiso izvi uye yakaramba ichingopera Pound Sterling. Mushure memusangano wekukurumidzira pakati pevakuru vehurumende, nyika yakagadziriswa kubva kubva kuE ERM uye ikatumira mushamba kuvhara mari yavo kune yakakodzera (pasi) mazinga.
Nyika yacho yakangodaro yakakandirwa mumatambudziko shure kwepamusoro, uye vazhinji vekuBritish vachitaura kuE ERM se "Eternal Recession Machine". Kunyange zvazvo hurumende yakarasikirwa nemari yakawanda, vamwe vezvematongerwo enyika vanofara kuti njodzi yeE ERM yakaitika, sezvo yakaratidza nzira yehurumende inongwarira kupinda muchirongwa nekuvandudza hupfumi.
Zvidzidzo kubva kuChishanu Chitatu
Dutu Chitatu rinodzidzisa zvidzidzo zvinokosha kune vose vatengesi vehurumende uye hurumende, kusanganisira zvimwe zvidzidzo zvingashamisa vadzidzi.
Semuenzaniso, nhamba ye data inoratidzira kuti hupfumi hweBritain hwakanga huchikura nokukurumidza muE ERM pane zvinyorwa zvakabudiswa zvinoratidzira, uye kukonzerwa kwekudarika kwematambudziko kunogona kunge kwave kwakakonzerwa nekuguma kweLawson boom.
Zvidzidzo zvehurumende zvinosanganisira:
- Usatongotora Mitengo Inofanirwa - Inhengo yeE ERM inotengeswa yakaiswa kuGermany kuGermany apo yaifanira kunge yakaiswa neEurope kuEurope.
- Sarudza Nharo Dzako Nevanyengeri - Kutora matanho akakomba kukurira maitiro ekutengeserana emakambani inowanzova pasina (uye inodhura) kuedza.
Zvidzidzo zvevatengesi vemari zvinosanganisira:
- Hapana Chisingakwanisi - Kubva kweBritain kubva kuE ERM kwakanga kusingafungi kune vakawanda munguva yedambudziko, asi kunyange hurumende dzinoita zvikanganiso zvakakura.
- Iva Wakagadzirira Zviito Zvakawanda - Chisarudzo cheBritain chekusimudzira chibereko chechipiri chikamu che2 kusvika ku5% muzuva rimwe chinoratidza hurumende inogona kugadziriswa.
Mhedziso
Mutsutso weChitatu unozivikanwa zvikuru sezuva iro mabhiriyoniire mari yevatengesi George Soros akaputsa Bank of England ndokuita kudarika $ 1 bhiriyoni. Asi, zvidzidzo zvechokwadi zvinowanikwa nokuongorora zvikonzero zvinokonzera dambudziko uye kuti vakakurumidza sei kutungamirira matambudziko. Nokunzwisisa nyaya idzi, mabhandi makuru anokwanisa kudzivisa matambudziko emangwana anokonzerwa nezvinetso zvekutonga.