Ndezvokuchengetedzwa Kwevanhu Ndeipi Ponzi Scheme?
Charles Ponzi
Charles Ponzi akakurudzira zviuru zvevatengesi muma1920s. Akavimbisa 50 kubva muzana kudzoka mumazuva makumi mapfumbamwe pamabhadharo akaitwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika mhinduro dzemakoni. Izvi zvinyorwa zvishoma zvishoma zvakakosha kune dzimwe nyika. Vaizokwanisa kuregererwa kuitira matanho chaiwo akakwirira mune kukosha munyika yekumba. Nharo dzaiita sokuti dzinonzwisisika kugadzirisa mabhizimisi, asi zvinoda mamiriyoni emakononi kuti aite chero purofiti zvachose. Pane kudaro, Ponzi akashandisa mari yaakatenga kubhadhara vashomanana vatengesi vekare mumazuva makumi mashanu. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvaanoda zviitwe. Mumwedzi mishomanana, akaunganidza $ 20 mamiriyoni. Akambogamuchira $ 1 Mamiriyoni munguva yeawa matatu.
IPonzi scheme yakagumburwa paakange asingakwanisi kubhadhara vashandi vekare. Panguva iyoyo, akanga arasikirwa pakati pe $ 7 kusvika mamiriyoni uye akaparadza mabhanga matanhatu. Hurumende yakamupa mhosva yekunyengera kwemashoko pasi pehurumende nemutemo. Akagamuchira mutongo wejeri kwemakore mashanu kusvika mapfumbamwe.
Akasimudza bhaari ndokutanga kuisa sangano repa charpon muFlorida uko akatengesa dzimba dzaive pasi pemvura. Vakuru veTexas vakamubata ndokumudzorera kuBoston. Akasunungurwa muna 1934. (Chinyorwa: "Charles Ponzi," NNDB. "Ponzi Scheme," SEC. "Greatest Financial Scandals," Bloomberg.)
Mienzaniso
Bernie Madoff akashandisa yakareba-yakabuda Ponzi scheme. Kwemakore makumi maviri, vatengesi vakadururira $ 17.5 mabhiriyoni mu "simba rekutsvaga mari". Akabhadhara pamusoro-kuenzana nekudzoka achishandisa mari kubva kuvashambadzi vatsva. Dambudziko rezvemari ra2008 rakaunza rusununguko muchiedza apo vashandi vakaedza kubvisa $ 7 biliyoni. Nekodzero inokosha ye $ 300 mamiriyoni chete, Madoff akange asingakwanisi kubhadhara zvakare. Akapika kuti ane mhosva uye iye zvino ari kushanda mutongo wemakore 150. Mwanakomana wake, Mark Madoff, akazviuraya kwemakore maviri mushure mekusungwa kwababa vake. Akazvisungirira muimba yake yeNew York City. Mwana wake ane makore maviri akanga avete muimba inotevera. Andrew Madoff akafa nechirwere munaSeptember 2014.
Asati asungwa, Madoff akawana mukurumbira we stellar nesheyo yeNASDAQ seimwe yezvaakaita. Mhosva dzekubiridzira hazvina kuwedzera kune dzimwe nhengo dzemhuri yeMadoff. Mudzimai wake nevanakomana vaviri vakashanda pamabhizimisi akadai mune zvivakwa zvakasiyana. Matare akarega Ruth Madoff kuchengeta $ 2.5 mamiriyoni. Iye zvino anogara mune 989-square foothouse muConnecticut. (Inobva: "Bernard Madoff Anotsoropodza Mutongi Wechechi," USA Nhasi, January 23, 2015.)
Zviremera zveChinese zvakashambadza muenzaniso wekupedzisira wePonzi scheme munaFebruary 2016 apo varimi vemamiriyoni imwe vakarashika $ 7.6 mabhiriyoni kuEzubao.
Iyi yekambani yakakweretesa ikambani yakavimbisa 15 muzana inodzoka, iyo isina kumboitika. Pane kudaro, vedzimba 21 vakashandisa mari kubva kune varairimi kuti vagovhura kambani yavo uye vanotenga motokari dzemotokari uye dzimba. Ezubao yakashanda kubva munaJuly 2014 kusvika munaDisemba 2015. (Chinyorwa: "Chikuru Ponzi Schemes muNhoroondo," MSN Money, February 8, 2016.)
Ndezvokuchengetedzwa Kwevanhu Ndeipi Ponzi Scheme?
Social Security inoratidzika sePonzi scheme. Vashandi vanobhadhara muSocial Security Trust fund . Pasinei nezita racho, hapana kuvimba kwakabata mari iyi kwavari. Pane kudaro, mari yacho inobhadhara mari kune vanogara vakasiya. Kana vashandi vekubhadhara vachigadzirira kupedza basa, mari itsva ichauya kubva kuvashandi vatsva.
Vanhu vanoshevedza kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu munharaunda yePonzi scheme nokuti vanhu vakawana pakutanga vanogamuchira zvakawanda kupfuura zvavakabhadhara. Vana vacheche vakabhadhara mitero yepamusoro yepamitero kupfuura zvipo zvakagamuchirwa nevabereki vavo.
Iyi haisi iyo yekusunungura mabhoomers. Pachave pasina vashandi vakakwana mune ramangwana kubhadhara zvikwereti kwavari pavanosiya basa. Pakazosvika 2030, Social Security ichadikanwa kutora kubva muhomwe huru yekubhadhara zvikwereti. Izvo zvichange zvakasara mubhadharo webhajeti kana kudiwa kwemitero mitsva.
Izvozvo zvinoreva hurumende ichaita kuti chizvarwa chinotevera chibhadhara mari. Havana chakanaka. Ndiyo musiyano pakati peHuman Security uye Ponzi chirongwa.
Kusiyanisa Pakati Pedongwa rePonzi nePiramidi
Ponzi zvirongwa ndeyekushambadzira kwekunyengera. Vatori vechikamu vanotenda kuti vari kuisa mari yavo kushanda mukutsvaga kwemazvirokwazvo. Piramidi zvirongwa ndezvokubiridzira mabhizimisi ekutengeserana akawanda. Vagari vemo vanoziva kuti vanofanira kuunganidza nhengo itsva kuti vawane mari. Avo vari pamatunhu makuru epiramidhi vanoita mari kubva kune vatsva vanowanikwa pamatunhu akaderera. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti avo vari pamapiramidhi ezasi havazombowana kuwana vakakwana vatsva kuti vawane mari. Vanoona kuti vakapedza nguva yakawanda nemari kana piramidhi ichiwa. (Chinyorwa: "Zvirongwa zvePiramidi," SEC. "Piramidi vs Ponzi Scheme: Ndeipi Izvo Zvakaipa?" VOA, April 25, 2016.)
Mamwe makuru anozivikanwa makambani eMLM haasi mapiramidi. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Amway, Meleleuca, uye PrePaid Legal. Vazhinji vevatengi vavo havasi vamiririri vekambani. Uyu ndiwo mutsauko mukuru pakati pebhizimisi reMLM uye chirongwa chepiramidi. Miti yepamutemo yeMLM mabhizimisi akanaka mikana yevanhu vanoda kudzidza kudzidzira matanho avo pachavo. Heano mibvunzo mitanhatu yekubvunza munhu wese anokukoka kuti ubatane nebhizimisi reMLM.