The Technology of Biotechnology
Sezvo DNA yekutanga yakashandisa kuongororwa kwemakore makumi mana apfuura, maitiro ekugadzira mageneti akagadzirwa kuti agadzire mamiririyumu emagetsi, maitiro ezvitsva uye masero, nzira dzekutsvaga mazamu uye kuona maitiro avanoita, uye kunyange mhuka dzisingachinji nemiti. Pakati peiyo bioengineering revolution, zvikwereti zvemabhizimisi zvakaputika, uye imwe mabhizimisi yakasungirirwa mhando dzemagadzirirwo akaita gene gene cloning , yakatungamirirwa mutagenesis, DNA yekucherechedza , kupindira kweRNA, kushandiswa kwema-bilolecule nekucherechedza, uye nucleic acid kukurudzira.
The Two Main Biotech Markets: Medical and Agricultural
Imwe nyanzvi yekushandura bhaotech yakazara zvikamu mumisika yezvokurapa neyekurima. Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kweByotechnology kuri kushandiswawo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinonakidza sekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi emakemikari, nekugadzirisa mararamiro , kushandiswa munzvimbo idzi kuchiri kushandiswa uye kuderera.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mishonga yezvokurapa neyekurima imwe neimwe yakave nehupenyu hwekushandura bhaotech nehutsva-uye kazhinji kakavhiringidzi- kutsvaga kwekutsvakurudza, hurongwa hwekusimudzira, uye nzira dzebhizimisi yekuwana, kuchinja, kana kubudisa biomolecules zvitsva uye zvipenyu kushandisa bioengineering.
Biotech Kutanga-Up Revolution
Biotechnology yakatanga nzira itsva itsva yekuvandudza zvinodhaka izvo zvisingatauriki nyore nyore mumakemikari-maitiro akawanda emakambani akaiswa mishonga akashandisa.
Izvi zvakachinja kukanganisa kwemakambani ekutanga-kutanga achitanga nekugadzwa kweIngus (ikozvino chikamu che Novartis Diagnostics) uye Genetech pakati pemakore ekuma 1970.
Sezvo paiva nehutano hwemagetsi ehupfumi muSilicon Valley , mazhinji emakambani ekutanga egyotechnology akabatanidzwawo muSan Francisco Bay. Mumakore ose aya, mazana emakambani ekutanga-makambani akavakwa uye kupisa-nzvimbo dzakagadzirwa zvakare muU.S. pedyo neSeattle, San Diego, North Carolina's Research Triangle Park, Boston, uye Philadelphia, uyewo nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika kusanganisira nzvimbo dzakapoteredza Berlin, Heidelberg, uye Munich muGermany, Oxford neCambridge muUnited States, uye Medicon Valley kumabvazuva kweDenmark uye kumaodzanyemba kweSweden.
Chiremba Biotechnology, Kugadzira Matachira Matsva Nokukurumidza
Chiremba yezvokurapa, nemari inopfuura kudarika $ 150 mabhiriyoni gore negore, inogamuchira zvizhinji zvekutsvaga bhaotech nekutsvakurudza madhora. Kunyange izwi rokuti "biotech" rinowanzoshandiswa zvakafanana nechechi. Iyi chikamu chemakwikwi ekutsvaga chirevo chakasvibiswa nemishonga inowanikwa "pipeline" inotanga nekutsvakurudza kwekutanga kutsvaga majeni kana mapuroteni ane zvirwere zvakasiyana siyana zvinogona kushandiswa sezvinodhaka zvinodhaka uye zviratidzo zvekuongorora.
Pane imwe nguva jena kana chirongwa cheprotein chinowanikwa, zviuru zvemakemikari zvinongororwa kuti zviwane mishonga inobata chinangwa. Iyo makemikari anoita seanogona kushanda semishonga (dzimwe nguva inozivikanwa se "hits") zvino inoda kuongororwa, kuongororwa nemigumisiro yemigumisiro, uye pakupedzisira, kuongororwa mumakiriniki ekuedza.
Who Biotech Companies Are
Biotech yakave yakabatanidzwa mukutsvaga kwekutanga kwemishonga uye kuongorora. Kakawanda makambani makuru emishonga ane mazano ekutsvaga-kutsvakurudza mapurogiramu ekutsvakurudza zvakanyanya kuburikidza ne biotechnology, uye makambani maduku matsva akadai seEexelixis, BioMarin Pharmaceuticals, uye Cephalon vanoona zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka uye kubudirira kakawanda vachishandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekushandisa. Mukuwedzera kune kukurudzira kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka, pane makambani akafanana neAbbott Diagnostics naBecton-Dickenson vari kutsvaga nzira dzokushandisa maitiro matsva ane chirwere chepachirwere kuti ape hutano hutsva hunongororwa.
Zvakawanda zvezviongorori izvi zvinoratidza avo vanoteerera varwere pamishonga mitsva inouya pamusika. Uyewo, kutsigira tsvakurudzo yemishonga mitsva nderwendo rurefu rwekutsvakurudza uye makambani ekupa mabhizinesi anopa zvigadzirwa zvekushandisa, reagents, uye midziyo. Semuenzaniso, makambani akadai seUpenyu Technologies, Thermo-Fisher, Promega nevamwe vazhinji vanopa mabhuku ekushandisa uye zvigadzirwa zvekutsvakurudza kwehupenyu, uye makambani akadai seMorecular Devices neDevcoveRx anopa masero anonyanyogadziriswa uye maitiro ekucherechedza kuti aongorore mishonga mitsva.
Agricultural Biotechnology - Zviri nani Zvokudya
Izvo yezvigadzirwa zvebiotechnology yakashandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinodhaka zvinogonawo kuvandudza zvekurima uye zvekudya zvekudya Zvisinei, zvakasiyana nemishonga, majini ekugadzira haana kuunza kukanganisa kwezvitsva zvinotanga kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa. Misiyano inogona kuva iyo, pasinei nekugadzirwa kwekambani yekufambisa mberi, biotech haina kuchinja zvachose mararamiro emakambani epurazi. Kuvhara zvirimwa nemombe kuti kuwedzere mararamiro kuwedzera kushandiswa uye kuvandudza zvibereko zvave zvichienderera kwezviuru zvemakore. Neimwe nzira, bioengineering inongopa nzira itsva yakakodzera. Makambani akatsigirwa ezvekurima, akadai seDow naMonsanto, anongobatanidza bhaotech muzvirongwa zveR & D.
Miti uye Animal GMOs
Zvizhinji zvekutarisa kune-ag-biotech ndezvekuvandudza kwezvirimwa , iyo, sebhizimisi, yakabudirira chaizvo. Sezvo chibage chekutanga chakagadzirwa muna 1994, zvipembenene zvezvirimwa zvakadai segorosi, soybean, tomato zvakagadzirwa kuti zvive zvekuti zvino zvinopfuura 90% zvezviyo zvekuAmerica zvakasimwa, soybea, nekotoni zvakanyatsogadzirwa. Kunyange zvazvo kuvhara mushure mekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvehupenyu hwekurima kwekurima zvekurima zvekufambisa kwakanaka zvakare.
Yeuka Dolly, gwai rekutanga rakagadzirwa? Izvo zvakanga zviri muna 1996. Zvino mhuka yekugadzira yakawanda, uye yakajeka mhuka dzekurima dzepurazi dziri pfupi pedyo nepamusoro pezvinyorwa zvepamusoro zvichijekesa zviri kuitika munguva pfupi yapfuura paFree Federation of Animal Societies 'website. Kunyange zvazvo zvipenyu zvakagadziriswa nemajini (GMOs) zvakakonzera kukakavara kwakawanda mumakore achangobva kupfuura, ag-biotech yakave yakanyatsosimbiswa. Maererano neHurumende yeNyika yeAustria-Biotech App ('ISAAA) 2011', maererano neDhipatimendi reNyika Dzegore ra2011 rekuwana kweAgri-biotech Applications '(ISAAA) 2011, miriyoni 160 mahekitare eGOO mbeu yakadyarwa muna 2011 nekutengesa kudarika $ 160 mabhiriyoni muzviyo zvakagadzirwa.