Iyi teknolojia yakawedzera kuitira kuti magadzirirwe ejeni, kwete mumabhakitiriya chete, asi mumiti nemhuka zvinenge zvakanyanya kuoma kunzwisisa. Somugumisiro, majini anopa zvinhu zvinodiwa, zvakadai sekusagadzikana nemishonga inouraya mishonga, utachiona hwezvirwere zvehutachiwana, kana huwandu hunobatsira hwekukura hunogona kuiswa zvakananga muDNA yemukira kana yemhuka.
Iyi kuisa muviri inobereka chimiro chakashandurwa nemajini (GMO) nechimwe chinhu chaidiwa.
The First GM Food
Zvokudya zvekutanga zvakagadziriswa (GM) zvakatengeswa zvaiva Flavr-Savr matata, zvakagadzirwa kutanga kwema1990 neCalgene, Inc. Kambani yakatengwa naMonsanto nguva pfupi mushure mekunge tomate yakabvumidzwa kutengeswa. Izvi izvi tatoti zvakagadzirirwa kupedza polygalacturonase geni kunonoka kuti vangakurumidza sei kuderedza mushure mekuibva.
Flavr Savr Tomato inogona kuve yakasarudzwa uye yakachengetwa nguva yakareba kupfuura mamwe marudzi. Zvisinei, kusarudza DNA iyo yakaderedza goroga inonzi polygalacturonase mu tomato, vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa chechi yechipiri inoita kuti mabhakitiriya ave asinganzwisisiki nema antibiotic kanamycin. Flavr Savr Tomato, naizvozvo, akaratidza izvi bhakitiriya kanamycin kudzivirira geni.
Kuderedza kunonoka kwetamato kwakaderedza kushandiswa kwemari yekuita mishonga yemagumisi, kufanana nemamateji ematori, saka vaishandiswa kuita mari shoma yezvinyorwa zvemaginari zvinotengeswa mumashambaguru muWestern United States neUnited Kingdom.
Muna 1998, mushure mekunge nyanzvi yeUnited States Arpad Pusztai akarondedzera kunetseka nezvezvokudya zveGM pane purogiramu yeBritain TV, kutengesa kwakaderera zvikuru. Flavr Savr Tomato yemiti yakabuda pamusika muna 1999.
The Engineered Papaya
Imwe muenzaniso mutsva wezvibereko zvakajairika ndeye Rainbow Papaya. Mumakore ekuma1991, chirwere chendandeteti chakaderedza huwandu hweHawaiian papaya ne40%.
Mukupindura, Dr. Dennis Gonsalves, iye zvino paYunivhesiti yeHawaii, akaita injini yepapapaya kuti aite imwe yevirene yevirene virus (chirwere chetachiona) chakaita kuti chirongwa chepaya chinopesana nehutachiona hwehutachiona. Izwi iri rakafanana nekupora.
Kusiyana nemanzwiro e "kukura kukuru" kusvitsa zvirimwa zveM GM pamusika, mbeu yeWarbowbow Papaya yakatanga kugoverwa pasina chekuita uye iko zvino inotengeswa pamutengo weHawaii Papaya Industry Association. Rainbow Papaya ndiyo chete chibereko cheG GM chiri kutengeswa (kunze kwemasamatisi kana iwe uchivaona sechibereko).
Kurwisana neRingspot Virus Kwaingova Nhano Yekutanga
Kunyange zvazvo geni-rakashandurwa Rainbow Papaya rakachengetedza chirongwa chepayaya chepaHawaiian, kubudirira kwekutengeswa kwezvibereko kwave kusingagumi sezvo chikamu chikuru chemusika wemapayas chiri munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, kutengeswa kwepaPawaii kuJapane kwaiva $ 15 Mamiriyoni muna 1996, asi $ 1 Mamiriyoni muna 2010. Kuwana Rainbow Papaya yakabvumirwa kutengeswa kunze kweU.S. yakange iri dambudziko guru rekutsvaga kwekutengeserana uye kugadzirisa kwechokwadi mhizha reHawaiian papaya.
Mushure memakore anopfuura gumi ekuvhiringidza, Japan yakazobvumidza kutengesa kweA Rainbow Papaya pakupera kwegore ra2011, zvichiita kuti Hawaii mukana wekugadzirisa marusi ayo akarasika pamapaya.
Sezvo Rainbow Papaya ichinyorwa seG GM zvokudya, zvisinei, zvichiri kuonekwa kuti zvinonaka sei chikafu chinonaka chegene-chakachinjwa chibereko chichakunda kukundwa kwakanyanya pamusoro pekudya kweG GM.
Zviyo nembeu: The Real GMO Success
Kunyange zvazvo kuwanikwa kwezvokudya zvizere zvakashandurwa zvishoma, zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa zvinosanganisira GM zvigadzirwa zvave zvinhu zvakanyanya mumakore gumi akapfuura. Nyaya yezvokudya zvinogadzirwa nemajini ndeyekuwanda kwezvirimwa zvemishonga zvakadai sezviyo, soy, nekotoni (mafuta echikwata anoshandiswa mukudya zvinoshandiswa).
Muna 2011, mamiriyoni 160 mahekitare emiti yeG GM akawedzerwa, 90% ayo aiva muU.S., Brazil, Argentina, India, uye Canada. Izvo zvinopfuura 10% zvepasi rose mbeu. Inenge 82% yekotoni, 75% ye soya, 32% yegorosi, uye 26% yeCanola inogadziriswa.
Kunyange zvazvo zvizhinji zvezvirimwa zve GM zvinosvika kumhuka yekudyisa uye mafuta, GMOs zvino yava kuzivikanwa mune zvekudya kuWestern hemisphere neIndia. Inofungidzira ndeyekuti inenge 70% yezvokudya zvakashandiswa zvinotengeswa muU.S. uye 60% yezvokudya zvakashandiswa kuCanada zvine miti inogadziriswa, zvakanyanya kubva kuGS soybeans uye chibage. Kusiyana neizvi, chete 5% yezvokudya zvakagadziriswa pamasherufu ezvitoro zveEurope ane GMOs.
GM Animals
Mhuka dzinogadziriswa zvechitendeni dzinowanzoitwa uye dzinoshandiswa mukutsvakurudza. Semuenzaniso, mhando yemhando uye yakakura yemasikirini ekugadzirwa kwemajini inoshandiswa pakushandisa zvinodhaka nekugadzirwa. Zvisinei, kusvika ikozvino, hapana mhuka dzeGM dzakaiswa mumusika wezvokudya.
Nhamo yeG GM yemhuka yekudya inogona kuchinja nokukurumidza, kunyange zvakadaro, kana AquAdvantage Salmon inogamuchirwa. AquAdvantage Salmon isalman yeAlantic ine imwezve yakasarudzwa Sinoon salmon kukura hormone gene inowanikwa muDNA yayo. Iyi jini inobva kuSalmon inokura nokukurumidza-kukura inobvumira AguAdvantage Salmon kukura zvakakurumidza kukurumidza kupfuura vakoma varo vekuzvarwa.
Muna Septemba 2010, kuongororwa kubva kuVeterinary Medicine Committee yeDDA iyo, "nhamba yakawanda yemigumisiro yekuedza yakatanga kufanana uye kufanana pakati peA aquAdvantage Salmon neAlantic saalmon" maererano nekuchengeteka kwezvokudya. Zvisinei, apo kugamuchirwa kwekupedzisira kwesaumoni kwaitarisirwa mukati memwedzi mishomanana mushure mekuongorora uku, ichiri kumirira anenge makore maviri gare gare.
Kwete Nyore Mhinduro dze GMOs
Ko GMOs inotyisa uye isiri yezvisikwa zvezvokudya zvatinowana kana kuwedzera kwemazuva ano teknolojia yekuvandudza zvokudya zvedu? Zvechokwadi, zvinobva kune waunokumbira. GM zvinomera, zvishoma, zvinokurumidza kuva chikamu chakakura uye chinowedzera chikamu chekudya kwepasi rose.
Genetic manipulation kuburikidza nekuputika kwakaitwa kwezviuru zvemakore kuti zvive nekugadzirisa kwekurima kwekurima kwakaguma mumunda wegorosi uye gorosi, huku, uye mazana ezvimwe maapuro. Aya maitiro akabudisa huwandu hwepasi rose hwe7 mabhirioni.
Mazuva ano, mazita ekugadzirwa kwemagetsi angave nzira yakanakisisa yekuvandudza kushandiswa kwezvokudya kuti asangane nematambudziko evanhu vakawanda vari kukura. Inotungamirira kutengesa kweDNA nemajini ekugadzirisa hutachiona huchaita danho rinotevera mukuvandudza kwezvirimwa uye kukura kwezvokudya kunosangana nezvinetso zvekuuya kwekudya nyika, kana kuti iine ngozi inogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro yakaipa yehutano pasi rose here?