Zvamunoda Kuziva Nezve Marudzi Akasiyana eBanruptrupt
Kuparadzana inzira inopiwa pasi pemutemo wehurumende unobvumira vanhu, vakaroorana, hukama, masangano, masuwa, uye mamwe masangano ekugadzirisa zvakare kana kubvisa chikwereti chemari chikwereti, nokudaro achivabvumira kuti vatsva kana kutanga kurongeka.
Madzibaba edu anotanga akaziva kukosha kwemitemo inobvumira rudzi rwekuregererwa kana kurongeka kwechikwereti. Murairo weChishanu, muChitsauko 1, Chikamu 8, Chikamu 4, chinopa mutemo we "Mitemo yeunifomu pamusoro pekushungurudzwa muUnited States yose." Zvakatora kusvika 1800 Congress isati yasarudza kuisa mari yekugadzirisa, uye zvakachinja zvikuru kwemakore.
Semuenzaniso, mutemo wekutanga wakabvumira kuti vatengesi vatange kuisa mhosva isina mhosva kune mutengesi kana mutengesi, uye yaida kuvharwa zvakakwana kwezvinhu zvevatengesi. Kubva panguva iyo, Congress yakawedzera zvose zvekubhadhara uye marudzi evanhu uye masangano vanogona kuisa. Nhasi hurongwa hwedu nematare ehurumende zvave zvichiri kushanda zvichienderera mberi kubva muna 1898, uye zvakanyanya kupedzisira muna 1978 uye 2005.
Chimwe chezvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe (federal district) zvine dare rekusimbisa rinotarisirwa neDare reMudunhu reU.S. dunhu iroro. Kusiyana neDare reMatongi, avo vanosarudzwa nemutungamiriri wehurumende uye vakagadzwa nokuda kwehupenyu, vanoparara vatongi vanosarudzwa nevatongi vekudaidza dunhu umo dare ravo riripo uye vanoshumira makore gumi nemana.
Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro inobatanidzwawo muurongwa hwekuputsa kuburikidza nehofisi yayo yeTrasti yeUnited States . Maererano neshoko rekutumirwa kweTranse yeU.S., hofisi inopomerwa nebasa rekuchengetedza "kutendeseka nekugadzirisa" kwekushandiswa kwenyika.
Vanoita izvi kuburikidza nekutarisira vamwe vatongi, avo vakasarudzwa mumatare akawanda ekudarika, uye nekutarisa zvakananga kwefodya muChitsauko 11 makero.
Mitemo yeBanruptcy
Parizvino, pane mitanhatu yakasiyana yekubhadhara. Chimwe nechimwe chakagadzirirwa kuita chinangwa chakasiyana kana chakafananidzirwa kune imwe rudzi rwechikwereti (munhu wacho kana sangano rinoshandisa chikwereti chebhengi.) Mumwe nomumwe anosarudzwa nechitsauko che US Bankruptcy Code chinoritungamirira.
Chitsauko 7 : Rudzi urwu runozivikanwawo sokururamisa kana kuvharwa kwemari. MuChitsauko 7 , munhu ane chikwereti uyo ari munhu kana kuti murume nemudzimai, anotsvaka kubhadhara (kukanganwirwa) kwechikwereti mukutsinhana kwekuzvipira uye kuregererwa kwezvinhu zvisingakodzeri kuti ane chikwereti atange kutanga patsva.
Kana kune chikwereti chakabatana, hapana kubudiswa. Pane kudaro, Chitsauko 7 chinopa kurongedzwa kwakarongeka kwezvinhu zvose. Chero mamiriro ose ezvinhu, mari yacho inowanikwa kune vadzidzisi vezvakaitika zvinoshanda. Izvo zvinogona kutora sezvishoma semwedzi mina.
Chitsauko 9 : Chitsauko 9 chinosungirirwa kumatareji. Masunhare anokwanisa kusanganisira maguta, maguta, maguta nemisha. Asi iyo inogonawo kusanganisira zvikoro zvekuchikoro, zvishandiso, zvipatara, uye mitero inoshandiswa sezvivako zvezvipatara, Masunisheni haafaniri kuvhara uye kubuda kunze kwebhizimisi semunhu ane chikwereti muChitsauko 7. Panzvimbo iyo, mahofisi achagadzirisazve chikwereti chake nokudzokorora zvakare mazwi ayo vatengi.
Chitsauko 11 : Chitsauko 11 chinozivikanwa sezvezvekugadzirisa bankruptcy. Bhizinesi rebhizimisi (uye dzimwe nguva munhu) rinogona kuisa pasi peChitsauko 11 uye kushandisa zvidziviriro zvekuchengetedzwa kwedare rekudarika apo rinodzokororazve zvinyorwa zvaro chikwereti. Kazhinji, Chitsauko 11 chikwereti chichaenderera mberi mune bhizimisi panguva iyi uye inonzi inokwereta-in-possession.
Chinangwa cheChitsauko 11 chikwereti ndechokugadzirira chirongwa chekugadzirisa zvakare chikwereti chayo chichagamuchirwa kune vazhinji varo vasiri chikwereti. Chirongwa, sekugamuchirwa nevatengi uye kuvimbiswa (kubvumidzwa) nedare, kunotsiva chero chibvumirano chipi nechipi chepamberi nevatengesi. Munhu anokanda Chitsauko 11 achapawo chirongwa chekugadzirisazve hurongwa uye anogona kukumbira dare kuti ape kubudiswa kwezvikwereti. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, munhu ane chikwereti achashandisa Chitsauko 11 kuti ashandise zvinhu zvayo, zvakafanana neChitsauko 7 kunze kwekuti uyo ane chikwereti muChitsauko 11 anochengetedza kushandiswa kwekudzikisa.
Chitsauko 12 : Chitsauko 12 chakaberekwa nekutambudzika kwemaitiro mashoma ekurima nekubata hove muma1980. Iyo yakagadzirirwa nezvikamu zveChitsauko 11 neChitsauko 13 (ona pasi apa), nemashoko akawanda ekubhadharwa kwekubhadhara kuti ubvume zvokwadi yekukohwa kwegore.
Chitsauko 13 : Chitsauko 13 inobvumira munhu ane chikwereti kana vaviri vakaroora kuronga hurongwa hwokudzorera chikwereti chakakura pane imwe nguva makore matatu kusvika mashanu. Izvo zvikwereti zvingasanganisira kusungirwa kusingachengeteki sekukwereta kwemakadhi kana zvikwereti zvemishonga.
Inogonawo kusanganisira zvikwereti zvemotokari uye yapfuura nekuda kwekutengesa mari. Chitsauko 13 pane zvimwe zvakasarudzwa zvinoenderana neChitsauko 7 matambudziko kune avo vane chikwereti avo vanotarisana nekutaridzirwa kana kudzorerwa, kana kuti vane zviitiko zvakapfuura zvakakosha nekuda kwekubhadhara mishonga kana mitero. Kusiyana neChitsauko 7, icho chisingabhadharwi kubhadhara chikwereti chakachengetedzwa kana kuti chikwereti chakakosha pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwedare rekudarika, Chitsauko 13 chinopa nzira yakarongeka yevanhu vane mari yakawanda yekuwana matambudziko uye kubvisa zvikwereti zvisina kuchengetedzwa.
Chitsauko 15 : Kana sangano rekune dzimwe nyika rine chikonzero chekuregererwa kwechibvumirano chichimirira kunze kweUnited States, asi chinoda kana kuti chichida kuwanika kumatare ekugadzirisa munyika ino kugovera masimba anotungamirirwa nehutongi hweUnited States, ichapa Chitsauko 15 kupfuurira. Chitsauko 15 mazamu anowanzoshandiswa kuchengetedza zvinhu muUnited States kubva kurwiswa nevatengi kana kuti kuvimbisa kuti mapato ari muUnited States akasungwa nezvibvumirano zvakaitwa mune guru rekuregererwa mhosva.
Kusarudza Rudzi rweBanficrupt kuFaira
Mhando mbiri dzakawanda dzinowanikwa mubhadhadzi yakaiswa muUnited States nhasi Chitsauko 7 chakakanganisika uye Chitsauko 13 chirongwa chekubhadhara chikwereti.
Kunyange zvazvo Chitsauko 11 chinowanikwa kune mumwe munhu ane chikwereti pamwe chete nebhizimisi, zvinodhura kutonga uye chete zvakakodzera kune vanhu vane chikwereti chikuru uye zvizhinji zvekudzivirira. Vazhinji vanhu vane chikwereti uye vakaroorana vanoisa kana Chitsauko 7 kana Chitsauko 13.
Kune mhando dzakawanda dzinofungidzirwa pakusarudza rudzi rwekushungurudza runobatsira munhu ane chikwereti kuti awane rubatsiro. Hasi mhando dzose dzekushungurudza dzinowanikwa kune vose vane chikwereti. Semuenzaniso, mabhizimisi haakwanisi kuisa Chitsauko 13 nyaya, asi mumwe munhu ane chikwereti uyo ane kodzero yega yega anogona kuisa Chitsauko 13.
Chimwe chinhu chinangwa chemakwereti. Chitsauko 13 chirongwa chekubhadhara chinogona kushanda zvakanaka kune munhu ane chikwereti anoda nguva kuti awane mari yekare yekubhadhara pamitero yekutengesa, mitero kana kuchengetedzwa kwepamba. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, Chitsauko 13 chinogona kushandiswawo kumanikidza zviri nani pane chikwereti chemotokari.
Mukusarudza pakati peChitsauko 7 neChitsauko 13 kune mumwe munhu ane chikwereti, chisarudzo icho chinowanzomira chirevo chinonzi Test Test , chiverengero chinofananidza mari yemunhu ane chikwereti kumari yepakati yemutengo wemunhu ane chikwereti, achifunga nezvekubhadhara chikwereti pane zvikwereti zvakachengetwa chikwereti uye motokari mari uye zvimwe zvinonzwisisika uye zvinodiwa mari. Mari yakasara inonzi inowanikwa yakawanikwa. Kana iyo yakawanikwa yakawanikwa mari yakakwirira, kune chikonzero chokuti uyo ane chikwereti ari kushandisa zvisina kukodzera urongwa hwekushungurudza kuburikidza nekuisa Chitsauko 7 mhosva panzvimbo peChitsauko 13. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu akajeka, mutero uyu aizopa Chitsauko 13 mhosva uye achishandisa mari yakaregwa kuti awane chirongwa chemakore matatu kana mashanu ekubhadhara zvimwe chikwereti chakakosha.
Mamwe mazano anokosha kuti anzwisise kuti hurongwa hwebhengi hunobatsira sei vanhu uye mabhizinesi kuwana rubatsiro kana kugadzirisazve chikwereti. Izvi zvinosanganisira basa revatendi, ivo vanongoramba varipo, zvigadziriswa pfuma uye kubhadhara chikwereti.
The Trustee uye Bankruptcy Estate
Apo gwaro rekusungirirwa raiswa, imwe sangano inonzi bankruptcy estate inogadzirwa. Zvose zveimba yemunhu ane chikwereti zvinopinda munharaunda. Dare rekudarika rinosarudza mutariri kuti amiririre imba.
MuChitsauko 7, chikamu chetrasti chinonyanya kukosha nekuwana uye kuvhara zvinhu zvisingatengi uye kuparadzira zvinowanikwa kune vane chikwereti izvo zvinobata zvakakodzera uye zvakakodzera kutumira zvirevo. Kuti uite basa iri, mutsigiri anowanzotarisirwa kuisa mhosva kumunhu ane chikwereti kana kune mumwe wechitatu anotora pfuma yemunhu ane chikwereti. Vatongi vanowanzotonga mumatare kuti vaone kukosha kana kubvumirwa kwezvokutora chikwereti.
MuChitsauko 12 neChitsauko 13, zvikwereti zvinotarisirwa kubhadhara mwedzi mutevedzeri kumatirastiki kwemakore matatu kusvika mashanu. Muteresi anopa zvikwereti izvo kune avo vane chikwereti vakapa zvikwereti zvakajeka uye zvakakwana maererano nehurongwa hwekubhadhara hunotsanangurwa nemunhu ane chikwereti uye akatenderwa nedare. Nhamba yekodzero inodikanwa inoda kuti munhu ane chikwereti ape mari yose yaanokwereta kuti awane mari yeurongwa . Zvikwereti zvakabatwa muurongwa zvinogona kusanganisira kubhadhara mari nemotokari, zvikwereti zvinokweretwa mumba kana mumotokari, zvimwe zvikwereti zvakachengetwa sehuwandu hwemari, zvikwereti zvakadai seanmony, rubatsiro rwevana uye munguva pfupi yemitero, uye mhando dzose dzechikwereti chisingaverengeki sekwereti makadhi uye zvikwereti zvemari.
Muteresi haawanzogadziriswa muChitsauko 11zve kugadzirisa nyaya kana kuti Chitsauko 9 masipala achienderera mberi kunze kwekunge dare richigutsikana kuti munhu ane chikwereti anoda kutarisirwa uye kutungamirirwa, kazhinji mushure memubvuno wakaiswa neanofarira.
The Automatic Stay
Chiratidzo chekugadzirisa chikamu ndechekuti imwe nenyaya inoitwa pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwedare rinoparara. Chimwe chinhu chakasimba kwazvo mudare redzimhosva chinonzi hurumende kugara , murairo unorambidza chikwereti kubva pakutora matanho ekutora chikwereti. Izvo zvinongoramba zvigone kumira zvinogona kumira mberi, kudzorera, kugadziriswa, kutonga mhosva, kudana, tsamba uye zvimwe zviyero. Izvo zvinongoramba zviripo zvinogadzira zvakarongeka uye zvakaenzana zvinowedzera. Pasina iyo, vane chikwereti vane simba vanogona kubvisa munhu ane chikwereti achichenesa kuponesa nediki, vasina simba vanokwereta zvakaoma kusagona.
Izvo zvinowanzogara hazvisi zvachose. Inogona kunonoka kana kuchinjwa, kana kusatongerwa zvachose.
Izvo zvinongoramba zviripo Hazvirevi pane zvose zvingaitwa nemunhu ane chikwereti. Semuenzaniso, matare mazhinji ekubhadhara haazoshandisi kugumira kumutemo wemhuri kutongwa kunosanganisira kurambana kana kuchengetwa kwevana, kunyange dare rekubhadhara rinowanzova nekutaura kwekupedzisira pane chero nyaya dzinosanganisira mari yemunhu ane chikwereti. Kugara hakuzodziviriri kupomerwa mhosva, uye hazvirevi kune imwe mitero yemitero.
Pamusoro pezvikwereti zvizhinji zvekushungurudza, kuenderera kwekutsvaga kunotanga kushanda pakarepo apo nyaya yacho inowanikwa nedare. Asi kune vamwe, kugara hakusi kungofanana zvachose, kunyanya avo vanoisa mhaka kakawanda, avo vane mhosva dzakapikiswa kwavari (dzinonzi kusingabvunzi minyengetero), uye Chitsauko 15s chakaiswa kune dzimwe nyika. Muzviitiko izvo kugara hakusi kwega, anenge ane chikwereti anogona kukumbira dare kuti arovere.
Iyo kugara inogonawo kuchinjwa kana kusimudzwa zvachose. Izvi zvinowanzoitika apo vanokweretesa vanokundikana kubhadhara vatengi vakachengetwa semotokari yemotokari uye zvikwereti zvemari. Inogonawo kusimudzirwa kubvumira kuitika kunze kwedare rekudarika rakamirira apo kubhadhara kwaiswa, kana izvozvo zvingashandiswa zvakanakisisa zvematongerwo enyika.
Property Exemptions
Kune mumwe munhu ane chikwereti, urongwa hwekugadzirisa hunogadzirirwa kuti hubvumira "kutanga kutanga." Kuziva kuti vane chikwereti havagoni kusara penniless uye kusvibiswa, mumwe munhu ane chikwereti anobvumirwa kusunungura mamwe marudzi edzimba kubva pakusvika kwedare. Nhamba yekodhi yekodha ine urongwa hwekuregererwa , asi mune dzimwe nguva, vatokwereti vanogona kushandisa kusunungurwa kunotsanangurwa nehurumende mavanogara. Vazhinji vezvematongerwo enyika vanewo hurongwa hwekuregererwa huchadzivirira kutonga chikwereti kubva pakubhadhara zvinhu zvakakosha kuti zvigutse zvirevo. Congress yakapa humwe humwe sarudzo yekugadzirisa kuti vagari vayo vagari vashandise kusunungurwa kwehurumende, kusunungurwa kwehurumende kana kusarudza pakati pezviviri.
Mhando yeimba inogona kuregererwa uye huwandu hwakakosha hwezvinhu zvakasunungurwa dzichisiyana zvichienderana neurongwa hwekuregererwa huri kushandiswa. Somuenzaniso, vane chikwereti vanoshandisa kuregererwa kweTexas vanogona kuregedza pfuma yavo kusvika kuhuwandu hwe $ 50,000 kune mumwe munhu mukuru asina mhuri. Imba yega pachake inosanganisira zvinhu zveimba, fesheni, zvipfeko, mabhuku, zvishongo, zvombo, zvombo zvemitambo, mhuka nezvimwe zvinhu. MuKentucky, munhu ane chikwereti anokwanisa kubvisa "zvipfeko, zvishongo, zvigadzirwa zvekushongedza uye zvigadzirwa" kusvika ku $ 3,000, pamwe ne "wildcard" kusvika kusvika $ 1 000 inogona kushandiswa kune chero ipi zvayo.
Kusiyana neizvi, kusunungurwa kwehurumende, iyo inokweretesa kuTexas kana kuKentucky inogona kusarudza kushandisa, inosanganisira kusunungurwa kwe $ 12,625 muzvinhu zveimba, zvipfeko, mabhuku, nezvimwe. Kune kuregererwa kwakasiyana kwema $ 1,600 yezvishongo.
Hurumende uye hurongwa hwekuregererwa kwehurumende dzinosanganisira mamwe marudzi edzimba mumari yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mari, zviyero zvebhangi yebhangi, chaiyo pfuma, mahomwe, inshuwarheni mari inokosha, zvishandiso zvebhizimisi, rubatsiro rwehutano, nezvimwewo.
Hazvina mhosva kuti chikwereti chipi chinokweretesa chikwereti chinosarudza kana chinoshandiswa kushandiswa, kana ane chikwereti ane pfuma isingagoni kubhadharwa kana iyo inokosha kudarika kukosha kwepamusoro yakabvumirwa munhu ane chikwereti angada kuendesa iyo pfuma kune mutasti wenyika akasarudzwa nedare kana nhoroondo yekukosha kweimba iyoyo pakuverenga chikamu chemari chikwereti cheChitsauko 13.
Kuregererwa kwematambudziko
Kana munhu ane chikwereti akaregererwa chikwereti pane chikwereti, tinoti mutoro wemutoro wekubhadhara chikwereti chabudiswa. Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzinokanganisa, chinangwa chemunhu ane chikwereti ndechekubhadhara chikwereti chakawanda sezvinobvira.
Asi, kwete dzose zvikwereti zvinobudiswa . Zvimwe zvikwereti hazviwanzobudiswi kunze kwekuti zvisingawanzoitiki uye zviitiko zvakasiyana. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
- Mitero yemari inowanikwa munguva yemakore matatu inotangira bankruptcy case
- Alimony uye mwana kutsigira
- Mhosva dzemhosva, mhosva, uye kudzorera
- Zvikwereti zvinomuka kubva murufu kana kukuvadzwa zvinokonzerwa nemunhu ane chikwereti paanotyaira doro
- Zvikwereti izvo ane chikwereti asingakwanisi kuzivisa kumatare ekudarika
- Zvikwereti zvevadzidzi
Zvimwe zvikwereti zvinosunungurwa kunze kwokunge munhu ane chikwereti akakumbira dare kuti azviparidze kuti haakwanisi kuregererwa. Mimwe mienzaniso:
- Mhosva dzezvinhu zvinotapira uye mabasa anowanikwa vasati vasvitsa mari
- Zvikwereti zvinokonzerwa nekunyengedzera kwemunhu ane chikwereti, kunyengedza, kukanganisa, kana kuputsa basa rekutenderera, kana kuti kubva pamabasa ezvokuda uye akaipa anokwereta
Zvinonzwisisika
Ichi chinyorwa hachina kuitirwa kushanda nenzira chero ipi zvayo sekupa mazano emutemo. Icho chiri chekuziva uye chinangwa chekudzidzisa chete. Iwe mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Kana uri kutarisana nedambudziko rezvemari uye urikufunga kubhadhara, shanyira mutengesi anokodzera kubhadhara, uyo achaongorora mamiriro ako uye zvinangwa zvako uye achakukurudzira iwe zvakakodzera. Iwe unogona kuwana mazita evakiti venyanzvi kubva kusangano rekugara kwako kana kuti nemasangano akaita seNational Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys.