Reserve Mari kubva kuBretton Woods kuChina yeChina
Pasinei, kuchengetedza mari inochengetwa kutsigira kukosha kwemari yenyika.
Semuenzaniso, Mexico inopa pesos (iyo inonyanya iYOU) kune vagari vayo uye ichidzikinura nemadhora e US, euro, kana imwe nzvimbo yekuchengetedza mari munyika yose inobatwa nechepakati . Nyika dzinogonawo kugadzirisa goridhe kana kuti mamwe masimbi anokosha mumasangano avo ehurumende.
Muchikamu chino, tichacherechedza nhoroondo uye remangwana rekuchengetwa kwemari, uyewo kuti mari iyi inobata sei mari yemari pasi rose.
Reserve Currency History uye Future
Dhora reUnited States rakatsiva british pound sterling sezvo mukuru wenyika anochengetedza mari munenge muna 1945 maererano nemitemo yeBretton Woods . Panguva iyoyo, dhora reUnited States raiva mari ine simba guru rekutenga uye mari chete inotsigirwa negoridhe (kunyange zvazvo kutsigirwa uku kwaibviswa muna 1973 mukusarurana), asi US inenge yava hurumende yenyika inotungamirira.
Asi, dhora reU.SA haisi iro roga rekuchengetedza mari yakasarudzwa neInternet Monetary Fund nemamwe masangano enyika.
Iuro uye yen yenyika yeJapane yakave yakakurumbira seyakachengetwa mari yakapa hukuru hwehupfumi hwavo. China inonyatsotaridzika kuti ive mutevedzeri mukuru semudzimai mukuru uye mutengi munyika yose. Ichokwadi, Yuan yeChina yakatumidzwa neInternet Monetary Fund seyepasi rose kuchengetedza mari muna 2015.
Kuzivikanwa kwekuchengetwa kwemari kune basa rekugara kwavo uye mukurumbira. Semuenzaniso, chiChinese chaYinina hachina kutora sekuchengetedza kwekuda mari nekuda kwezvinetseka pamusoro pekukurumidza kushandiswa kunogona kutumira kukosha kwavo pasi. Izvozvowo ndezvekuti euro inotevera dambudziko rekutonga chikwereti muna 2009 uye dambudziko rekuenda kune dzimwe nyika muna 2016-17. Nhau idzi dzakatungamirira kune zvinonetsa pamusoro pemari yekushaya mari, iyo yakachengetedza US dollar seyo inonyanya kuchengetedzwa mari.
Reserve Currency & Monetary Policy
Mutemo wezvemari unobatsira zvikuru kune dzimwe nyika mari. Zvizhinji zvekutsvaga kwezvinhu zvakasununguka kana kushanduka-kutengesa-kuwedzera kwehurongwa zvirongwa zvakajeka zvekuwedzerwa kwekuwedzerwa uye kuda kwakutenga kana kutengesa reserve currency. Semuenzaniso, nyika inotarisa kuwedzera kukosha kwemari yayo inogona kutengesa mari yayo yenyika pamwe nemari yekunze kwemari. Bhizinesi reJapan rakange richizivikanwa nekupindira mumisika yemari yekushandisa dzichichengetedza kune dzimwe nyika semashamba.
Dzimwe nyika dzingashandisa shanduro dzakasarudzwa dzekushandurwa kwezvikonzero zvezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Pasi pemhando iyi yehutano, kupa uye kuda kunogona kutamisa kukosha kwerudzi rwemari yepamusoro kana kuderera. Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera kwekuda kwemari yenyika (semuenzaniso, nemhaka yehupfumi hwakanyanya) kwaizoita kuti pave nehuwandu hwemari yavo.
Yaiva nzira yeChina yakasarudzwa yekudzora mari yavo isati yasvitsa yuan kuti iwane nzvimbo mumamiriro emari enyika yose.
Nyika dzinoenderera mberi dzichiona hurukuro yemari yekuchengetedza kuti vimbise kuti zvigaro zvadzo hazvibatsiri zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, kukosha kwekuwedzera muUnited States kunogona kukonzera kuongororwa kwedhora uye kuongororwa kunotevera kwemari yekunze kwenyika. Pakupedzisira, izvi zvinogadzirisa mitemo yemari inobatsira inoshandiswa kuburikidza nezviwanikwa izvi. Mune mamwe mazwi, kune mararamiro emari chete emari yenyika iyo inofungidzirwa semari 'kuchengetedzwa' pasi rose.
Nyika Dzakanyanya Kubhadhara Mari
Nyika dzakachengetedza mari yezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Icho chiratidzo chinonyanya kukosha chekubhadhara chikwereti chekunze, kuchengetedza mari yenyika, uye kunyange kugadzirisa zvikwereti zvekwereti .
Uyezve, nyika dzingangobata mari yakawanda nokuda kwekusawirirana kwezvokutengeserana sezvakaitika kuChina uye neAmerican dollar holdings.
Hezvino nyika shanu dzine mari yakawanda yekuchengetedza mari:
- China - $ 3.5 Trillion
- Japan - $ 1.3 Trillion
- Switzerland - $ 661 Bhiriyoni
- Saudi Arabia - $ 581 Bhiriyoni
- Russia - $ 407 Bhiriyoni
IEuropean Central Bank, iyo inoshumira muEurozone, inobata mari yekunze kwekunze kune imwe nyika yekusachengetedza mari yakawanda ye $ 700 Billion - kupfuura Swiss uye pasi peJapan.
Dzimwe nyika dzine zvishoma mune mari yemari. Semuenzaniso, Venezuela yakawana huwandu hwehutano hunotungamirira kusvika muna 2017 uye inobata mabhiriyoni mashoma emadhora eUnited States anodiwa kubhadhara madhora-madhimoni madzishe. Argentina zvakare yakatarisana nekuderera kwemari yemari mushure mekurwa kwayo pachayo nekukwira kwemazana emvura pamberi peMacri kutora hurumende kubva kuPeronists.
Key Takeaway Points
- Reserve currency inobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwehurumende nehurumende dzakawanda senzira yekubhadhara kwenyika dzose.
- Reserve currency inogona kushandiswa nemabhanki ekumusoro kubhadhara zvikwereti kune dzimwe nyika uye kudzivirira mari yenyika, uyewo kubatsira mukutsvaga zvikwereti zvesimba.
- Vose vane zvikwata zvekuchengetedza mari ndeye China, Japan, neSwitzerland.