Dzidza Nezvemhando mbiri dzezvipingamupinyi zvinobata zvibvumirano zveBond yako
Nharaunda Yehuwandu Ngozi
Chido chekuda kwekutengesa ndiko kushungurudzika kwechibvumirano kana chikwereti chemari yekusagadzirisa mari yekufambisa mumitengo inowanikwa yezvikwereti.
Zvikwereti zvine kukwidziridzwa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemari inowanzoita zvakanaka kana zvikwereti zviri kuwira, asi zvichange zvisingasviki apo zvikwereti zvinowedzera. (Ramba uchifunga mupfungwa, bhizimusi mitengo uye zvibereko zvinotarisana nenzira dzakasiyana ). Somugumisiro, kuchengetwa kwemazinga-kutadza kunowanzoita zvakanaka apo hupfumi huri kunonoka, sezvo kukura kunononoka kunogona kutungamirira kuhuwandu hwekuwa.
Credit Risk
Chikwereti chekukwereta, kune rumwe rutivi, chishuvo chesungo chisingaiti , kana kuti mukana wekuti chikamu chemukuru uye chikwereti hachizobhadharwi kuvashambadziri. Bumbiro romunhu mumwe nomumwe ane ngozi yakakura yekwereti inoita zvakanaka kana simba ravo rezvemari iri kuwedzera, asi kunowedzera apo mari yavo inowedzera. Zvose zvidzidzo zvekodha zvinogonawo kuva nehuwandu hunokonzera chikwereti; idzi dzinowanzoita zvakanaka apo hupfumi huri kusimbisa uye hunosimbisa apo huri kunonoka.
A Tarisa Dambudziko Riri Nechikwata Chebasa reBond
Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nzvimbo dzichiratidza kufarira kuwanikwa kwezvibereko - zvakadai seHurumende yeUnited States , Mari yeHurumende yeZvivigiro-Kudzivirirwa Kuchengetedzwa (MAZANO), kuchengetwa kwemari yekuchengetedza mari uye yepamusoro-soro yehutano nehurumende - zvimwe, zvakadai sehuwandu hwezvibereko zvekubhadhara, kubuda kwemari yemari, inotenderera kutengesa zvikwereti , uye pasi pehutekiti dzemasisita ehurumende, vanonyanya kufunga nezvekuchengetedza chikwereti.
Kunzwisisa mutsauko uyu kwakakosha kuti uwane hutano hwakanaka muhutano hwako.
US Treasures neMAGWARO
Hurumende yehurumende inofungidzirwa kunge yakasununguka pangozi yekwereti kubvira apo hurumende yeUnited States ndiyo inogara yakachengetedzwa zvakachengeteka panyika. Somugumisiro, kuderera kunorema mukukura kana dambudziko rezvemari hakuzovhiringidzi basa ravo.
Zvechokwadi, dambudziko rezvemari rinogona kubatsira semakakiti kusava nechokwadi kunotungamirira vatengesi vezvisungo kuhutano hwehutano.
Kune rumwe rutivi, Pfuma uye mazano anonyanya kufunga nezvekuwedzera kwechibereko. Kana Fed inotarisirwa kusimudza mitero , kana kana kutengesa kwezvinhu kuri kukonzera vatengesi, zvibereko kune Pfuma uye mazano anokwanisa kuwedzera (sezvo matengo avo achiwa). Muchiitiko ichi, nguva yakareba-zvisungo zvichaita zvakanyanya kudarika zviduku zvenguva pfupi. Kune rumwe rutivi, zviratidzo zvekudzikisa kukura kana kuwira kwemazana emitengo zvose zvakanaka kune huwandu husingazivikanwi hurumende dzehurumende, kunyanya inonyanya kuoma, kwenguva refu yezvisungo.
Chengetedza-Yakachengetedzwa Zvakachengetedzwa
Kubhadhara mari-kubhadhara (MBS) kunowanzova nehutengo hwekubhadhara chikwereti, sezvo vazhinji vanotsigirwa nemasangano ehurumende kana kutengeswa mumadziva umo munhu asina kukwana haatombovi nehuwandu hwekuchengeteka kwose. MBS, kune rumwe rutivi, inonyanya kufunga nezvekuda mari. Nhengo yekambani inogona kukuvadzwa nenzira mbiri: nekuwedzera kwakanyanya mumitengo, iyo inokonzera kuti mitengo iwe, uye nekuderera kwakaderera mumitengo, iyo inoita kuti varidzi vepamba vatsigire zvikwereti zvavo zvekutengesa, zvichiita kuti kudzoka kwevakuru (iyo inoda kuve kunyoreswa pamitengo yakaderera) uye kukohwa kwepasi kudarika vatengesi vaitarisira (sezvo pasina chikwereti chabhadhara pamukuru wechikoro chinotora basa).
MBS, saka, inowanzoita zvakanakisisa kana mitero isiri yakasimba.
Municipal Bonds
Hasi ose masisita emasungwa anoshandiswa zvakafanana. Ifa yefa yeimba inowanikwa kumhuri yepamusoro-yepamusoro-soro, yakachengeteka vanotora uye yepamusoro-shama, yepamusoro-inotengesa vanotengesa. Zvikwereti pamucheto wepamusoro-wepamusoro wemitambo zvinoratidzika sokusingaiti kuti zvisiyane; saka, chikwata chekuda mari inowanzova chikuru pane izvo zvavanoita. Sezvaunofamba uchienda kumagumo ekupedzisira ematambudziko, chikwereti chinokonzera chikwereti chinova chinonyanya kukonzera, uye kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hunova nehuwandu hwehuwandu.
Semuenzaniso, dambudziko rezvemari ra2008 - iro rakaunza neicho chaicho chisina kukwana uye kutya kwekusimudza kusagadziriswa kwehutano hwakaderera hwemarudzi ose-zvakatungamirira kuhutano hwakanyanya hwehuwandu hwakakosha, hwakakosha huri munis, uye nemari yakawanda inowanikwa mu iyo nzvimbo iri kurasikirwa ne20% yehuwandu hwavo.
Panguva imwecheteyo, mari yekutengeserana-inoshandiswa neShares S & P National AMT-Free Muni Bond Fund (ticker: MUB), iyo inopa mari dzepamusoro-soro, yakapedzisa gore nekudzoka kwakanaka kwe 1.16%. Kusiyana neizvi, mari yakawanda-yepamusoro-soro yakabudiswa inodzoka mu 25-30% muhuwandu hwekudzorera kwakaitika mugore raitevera, kurega kudarika 6.4% kudzoka kweMUB.
The takeaway? Mhando yemasuo edzimhosva kana mari yaunosarudza inogona kuva nehukuru hwemhando yengozi yauri kutora, uye iyo mitezo yaunogona kutarisira mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana.
Corporate Bonds
Mabhandi ehurumende anopa huwandu hwekuda kwekuda uye chikwata chekwereti. Sezvo zvisungo zvehutano zvakatengesa pa " chibereko chavo chakapararira " zvichienderana nePfuma - kana mune mamwe mazwi, zvibereko zvinobatsira zvavanopa maererano nehurumende hurumende - kufamba kune hurumende yezvibereko zvinoshandiswa zvakananga pazvibereko zvemakambani ehurumende. Panguva imwecheteyo, makambani anoonekwa ave asina kugadzikana mune zvemari kupfuura hurumende yeUnited States, saka vanotakurawo mari yechikwereti .
Nzvimbo dzakakwirira, dzakaderera-dzinobvumira makambani dzinowanzova dzakawanda dzinonzwisisika nekuti zvibereko zvavo zviri pedo neZvigiro zvePfuma uye zvakare nokuti zvinoratidzika kunge zvisingakwanisi kutadza. Zvikamu zviduku, zvakakwirira-zvibvumirano zvinowanzove zvisinganyanyi kutarisa uye zvinonzwisisika kune ngozi yechikwereti nokuti zvibereko zvavo zvinowedzera kure nemari yehupfumi uye zvakare nokuti inoratidzika seyo inowanzosvibisa.
Kukurukurira Zvakakwirira Zvikwereti
Chinhu chinonyanya kukanganisika nemunhu mumwechete wezvibereko zvehutano (zvinowanzozivikanwa se "zvisungo zvisina basa") inokonzera chikwereti. Mhando dzekambani dzinobudisa zvikwereti zvakanyanya-zvikwereti zviduku, zvisingabvumirwi makambani kana makambani makuru akambosangana nedambudziko rezvemari. Uyewo haisi munharaunda yakasimba yekukonzera nguva yekukura mune zvekutsvaga kwehupfumi, saka kukwirira kwezvibereko zvinowanzokwezva apo vashandi vanowedzera kuderera pamusoro pekukura kwemaonero.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kuchinja kune huwandu hwezvibereko zvekudhara kune zvishoma zvingakonzera kukwidziridzwa kukuru kwehutano 'kushanda. Chikonzero cheizvi ndechekuti: kana hutano huchipa 3% hunova nehanya nekuchinja mumutengo wemakore gumi nemaviri eUnited States kubva kune 2% kusvika ku 2.3% - zvinoreva kuti zvibereko zvinopararira zvinotangira kubva ku1% mapeji kusvika ku7% mapeji - musiyano hauzi kudanidzirwa muchisungo kuripa 9%. Muchiitiko ichi, kupararira kwaizotapira zvishoma pahuwandu hwepakati: zvichida kubva pa7,0 kubva muzana kusvika kune 6.7.
Nenzira iyi, zvikwereti zvakakosha - kana zviine ngozi-zvinogona kupa chimwe chinhu chekusiyana-siyana kana paine hurumende yezvisungo. Kusiyana naizvozvo, havatauri zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana maererano nematokari.
Emerging Market Bonds
Kufanana nehuwandu hwezvibereko, zvikwereti zvinotengeswa mabhizimusi zvinonyanya kufunga nezvekukweretesa chikwereti kudarika chido chekuda mari. Kunyange zvazvo kuwedzera kwemari muUnited States kana kuti kuwedzera hupfumi kazhinji hakuzovi nemigumisiro pamisika inotanga kubuda, zvinetseka pamusoro pokuderedza kukura kana zvimwe zvinokanganisa mune zvehupfumi hwepasi pose zvinogona kuchinja zvakanyanya pamatokari ematengesi anobuda.
The Bottom Line
Kuti zvive zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanaka, vatengesi vanofanira kunzwisisa njodzi dzemhando dzezvisungo zvavanobata. Kunyange zvazvo kubuda kwemakemikari uye mahombekiti ehomwe yakawanda inogona kusiyanisa mari yekuchengetedza bhadha, iyo inonyanya kushanda iyo inoshandiswa kuparadzanisa chikwereti ichi nehuwandu hwekutsvaga muzvikwata. Pakati pemuganhu iwoyo, kubata kwemazinga kunobatsira mukusiyana kwekutengeserana kwematengesi emabhizimisi, asi vachasungira vatengesi varasikirwa kana zvikwereti zvichikwira.
Iva nechokwadi chokuti unonzwisisa zvipingamupinyi zvakananga - uye vatyairi vekushanda - yega yega yega yevatengesi vasati vavaka chikwereti chezvisungo.