Nzira dzokuchenesa dzinoshandiswa nevarimi vemhangura dzinoenderana nehuwandu hwemafuta, pamwe chete nedzimwe zvezvematongerwe enyika uye zvakatipoteredza. Parizvino, inenge 80 kubva muzana yehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemhangura inobva pane sulfide.
Pasinei nehuwandu hwemafuta, mined yendarira inofanira kutanga inotariswa kuti ibvise gangue, zvinhu zvisingadiwi zvakaputirwa mumutambo.
Nhanho yekutanga mune iyi nzira iri kupwanya uye kupinzisa mafuta mubhokisi kana tsvimbo.
Sulfide Ores
Zvinenge zvose sulfide-yakadaro yemhangura yora, kusanganisira chalcocite (Cu 2 S), chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) uye covellite (CuS), inoshandiswa nekufuta.
Mushure mekupwanya hura kusvika kuhupfu hwakatsetseka, iyo inobva yasungirwa ne froth flotation, iyo inoda kusanganisa mafuta ane pfumbu ne reagents zvinosanganisira nemhangura kuti iite hydrophobic. Musanganiswa wacho unoshambidzwa mumvura pamwe chete neine mhepo inopupuma, iyo inokurudzira kudonha.
Jets yemhepo inoputirwa mumvura inoita mabhutu anotenderera mvura inoputika mhangura yehuni kumusoro. Iyo inonaya, iyo inenge inenge 30 muzana yemhangura, 27 muzana yesimbi uye 33 muzana sulfuri, inogadziriswa uye inotorwa kuti igore.
Kana kugadziriswa, kusvibiswa kuduku kunogona kuwanikwa munharaunda, yakadaro molybdenum , mutungamiri , ndarama uye sirivha , inogonawo kugadziriswa uye kubviswa panguva ino kuburikidza nekushambadzira.
Pachando chetatu pakati pe 932-1292 ° F (500-700 ° C), zvizhinji zvehuyu sulfurusi zvakasara zvinopiswa sulfide gas, zvichiita kuti kuve nekukanganiswa kwemhangura yeakidhisi uye sulfide.
Mafungu akawedzerwa kumhangura yemhangura, iyo inenge inenge 60 muzana yakachena, isati yatsva, zvakare ino ino kusvika 2192 ° F (1200C ° C).
Pachishambiso ichi, silica nemaketone zvinosanganiswa zvinosanganiswa nemiti isingadiwi, yakadai se ferrous oxide, uye inovaisa kumatenga kuti ibviswa se slag. Iko kusanganiswa kwakasara isimbi yakanyungudutswa sulfide inonzi 'matte'.
Nhanho inotevera mukuchenesa ndeyokusvibisa mvura yakachena kuitira kuti ibvise iron uye, zvakare, kupisa sulfide zvakagadzirwa sulfur dioxide. Mhedzisiro ndeye 97-99 muzana blister mhangura. Izwi rokuti 'blister mhangura' rinobva kumabhuru akabudiswa sulfur dioxide kumusoro kwemhangura.
Kuti zvive nemakero emakemikari emakateti emaketeni, blister mhangura inofanira kutanga inokandwa mumasode uye inoshandiswa electrolytically. Akadzikira muchitangi chemhangura sulphate uye sulfuric acid, pamwe chete nemucheka wakachena wecheteti yakatanga, blister mhangura inova anode mu galvanic cell. Simba risina tsvina cathode blanks inoshandiswawo mune mamwe mabhenekeri, akaita saRio Tinto's Kennecott Copper Mine muUtta.
Sezvo nguva yemazuva inotangwa, ioni dzemhangura dzinotanga kuenda kune cathode, kana kutanga pepa, ichiumba 99.9-99.99% yakachena mhangura cathodes.
Oxide Ore Processing uye SX / EW
Mushure mekunyora mhando ye-oxide-ye-copper ores, yakadai seAzurite (2CuCO 3 · Cu (OH) 3), brochantite (CuSO 4 ), chrysocolla (CuSiO 3 · 2H 2 O) uye cuprite (Cu2O), kuwedzera sulfuric acid inoshandiswa kune nzvimbo yezvinyorwa pamusoro peeaching pads kana kuti mumatangi ematekisi.
Sezvo asidi ichikwira mumumota, inobatanidza nemhangura, ichiita isina simba yemhangura sulfate solution.
Izvo zvinonzi 'pamuviri' leach solution (kana kuti doro rinodhakwa) zvino inoshandiswa uchishandisa hydrometallurgical inonzi inozivikanwa sechando chokusarudzwa uye electro-winning (kana SX-EW).
Kugadziriswa kweSolvent kunosanganisira kubvisa mhangura kubva kune doro rinenge rava nepamuviri uchishandisa zvinogadziriswa. Munguva iyi inopindurwa, ioni dzemhangura dzinopatsanurana nehydrogen ions, zvichibvumira asidi yerudzo kuti iwane zvakare uye inoshandiswa zvakare mukuita basa.
Iyo mhangura-yakawanda inogadzirisa sarudzo inobva yashandiswa kune tambo ye electrolytic apo chikamu chekugadzirisa-shanduka chinoitika. Pasi pemotokari yemagetsi, mhangura dzemhangura dzinoenda kubva mugadziriswe kumhangura inotanga cathodes iyo inogadzirwa kubva pakucheneswa kwepamusoro yemhangura.
Zvimwe zvikamu zvinogona kunge zviripo mumugadziro, zvakadai segoridhe, sirivha, platinum , selenium uye tellurium , inounganidza muzasi kwetangi se 'slide' uye inogona kudzorerwa kuburikidza nekushandura mberi.
Electro-won yakagadzirwa nemaketani emhangura ndeyekuenzana kana kukura kwakanyanya kudarika ayo akabudiswa nekunyorera, asi zvinongoda chikamu chimwe chete kubva kune chetatu kuwanda kwesimba rimwechete rekugadzirwa.
Kubudirira kweSX-EW kwakabvumira kudhonza kwemhangura munzvimbo umo sulfuric acid isingawanikwi kana kuti haigoni kubudiswa kubva kune sulfuri mukati memhangura yeropa, uyewo kubva kune yakare sulfide maminera ayo ave akafuridzirwa nekutaridzirwa kune air or bacterial leaching nezvimwe zvinhu zvidhayi izvo zvaimbove zvakarongedzwa zvisina kushandiswa.
Mhangura inogona kushandiswa kubva kune imwe mhinduro yekuzvitakura kuburikidza nesimangwana uchishandisa sora yesimbi. Zvisinei, izvi zvinounza mhangura isina kuchena kupfuura SX-EW uye, saka, haisati yashandiswa.
In-Situ Leaching (ISL)
In-situ leaching yakashandiswawo kuwana mhangura kubva munzvimbo dzakakodzera dzemari.
Izvi zvinosanganisira kuveza mabheji uye kuputira sarudzo yeaachate - kazhinji sulfuric kana hydrochloric acid - mumuviri wemuorivhi. Muchengetedze anoparadza maminerari emhangura asati adzorerwa kuburikidza nehova yechipiri. Kuwedzera kunatswa kushandisa SX-EW kana kukemikidzana kunokonzera kunokonzera kutengesa mabheti emhangura.
ISL inowanzoitwa nechepasi-grade grade ore mushure mekuzadza stoves (inozivikanwawo se stope leaching ) munharaunda dzakasungwa dzepasi pevhu.
Iyo mhangura yemhangura inogadziriswa kuIIS inosanganisira mhangura carbonates malachite uye azurite, pamwe ne tenorite uye chrysocolla.
Pasi rose zvigadzirwa zvemhangura zvinofungidzirwa neU.S. Geological Survey kuti yakasvika 16.1 mamiriyoni ematani muna 2011. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chemhangura chiChile, chinounza chikamu chetatu chenyika yose. Vamwe vaparidzi vakuru vanosanganisira US, China, uye Peru.
Nokuda kwehukuru hwemhangura yakachena, chikamu chikuru chekugadzirwa kwemhangura ikozvino kunobva pakudzorerwa zvakare. MuUnited States, inoshandiswa zvakare mhangura yemhangura yeanenge 32 muzana yehuwandu hwegore negore. Munyika yose, nhamba iyi inofungidzirwa kuva pedyo ne20 muzana.
Imwe nyanzvi yakawanda yemhizha yemhangura pasi rose inyika yeChilean business Codelco. Codelco yakagadzira 1.76 mamiriyoni ematoni emhangura yakanatswa muna 2010, kana nezve11% yehuwandu hwepasi rose. Vamwe vaparidzi vakuru vanosanganisira Freeport-McMoran Copper & Gold Inc., BHP Billiton Ltd. , uye Xstrata Plc .
Sources
Schoolscience.co.uk. Mhangura - Inokosha Element. Copper Mining.
URL: http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/cda/14-16/cumining/copch2pg2.html
Wikipedia. Copper Extraction Techniques.
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_extraction
Copper Development Association. Kugadzirwa.
URL: https://www.copper.org/education/copper-production/