Ndezvipi Nzira Dzakakwana?

Nzira dzeAusterity neMigumisiro Yadzo

Austerity yakava izwi rakakurumbira mushure mokutambudzika kweEuropean madeni. Ichokwadi, yakanzi zita raMarriam-Webster regore mugore ra2012. Nekwereti zvisingagamuchiri zvakakwirira, nyika dzakawanda dzakamanikidzwa kuita mari inoshamisa yekugadzirisa kuita bhizimisi uye kusazvidzivirira. Izvi zviito zvekushaya mari, kuderedza kushandiswa kwemari, uye kuderedza mabasa ehuruzhinji ari pamwe chete anozivikanwa seusingaiti maitiro .

Muchikamu chino, tichacherechedza zvakakonzerwa nemagariro ehutano uye humwe hunokosha hwehutano uye hunoita kuti nzira yekuvandudza hupfumi hwenyika.

Migumisiro yeMatambudziko Austerity

Kurongeka kwezviyero zvine maitiro akasiyana-siyana munyika, kusanganisira zvose zvoupfumi uye zvehupfumi. Kutaura zvazviri, bhuku rinonzi The Body Economic: Sei Austerity Inouraya tsanangudzo kuti maitiro aya angangodaro akaita sei kune vanopfuura 10 000 vanozviuraya uye kusvika kune mamiriyoni ezvimwe zviitiko zvekuora mwoyo. Uyezve, bhuku racho rinopikisa kuti kupora kwehutano hwevanhu hungave kwakakonzerawo hutachiwana hweHIV muGreece uye kutanga kwenyika kubuda kwemarariya kubva kuma1970.

Heano mamwe emagumisiro anowanzoitika anobva kuhutano hwakanaka:

• Migumisiro yezvehupfumi - Vakawanda varikutsvaga mienzaniso muhupfumi vanoratidza hukama huri nyore pakati pehupfumi hwehurumende nemabasa ezvoupfumi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti matanho anokonzera kukanganisa kushandiswa uye kudhura kwemari. Asi zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti hukama pakati pehutano nehupfumi hahupi zvisizvo uye hunoenderana nehuwandu huri kunze kwezvinhu, izvo zvinoita kuti izvi zvisave nechokwadi.

• Migumisiro yezvematongerwe enyika - Kunze kwekubhadhara kwemari, kushanda kwemaitiro kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakawanda pane zvematongerwe enyika. Sezvo hutano hwakawanda huripo hunotarirwa kubudirira uye kushandiswa kwemagariro evanhu, kusagadzikana kwehupfumi ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinowanzoitika pamagumisiro ekugadzirisa kushanda. Somuenzaniso, Girisi yakaona mhirizhonga ine hutsinye kumatanho akaitwa muna 2011 na2012.

• Migumisiro yemagariro - Kusarudzwa kwehutano hunobatsirawo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, sezvo hurumende inowanzova yevashandi vakuru uye masangano evanhu. Semuenzaniso, Family & Parenting Institute yakaratidza kuti mari yepakati yemhuri muUnited States ichaputsika nehutano ne 4.2% pamusoro pemakore mashanu anotevera kuparadzwa kwehurumende muna 2011.

Austerity, Spending & Taxes

Maitiro ehutachiona anoshandiswa kuitira kuderedza kuparadzwa kwehurumende kunogona kukanganisa hurumende yekukwanisa kubhadhara mari yayo. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe nzira mbiri dzinogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa kukanganisa kwehurumende - kukura uye mitero . Chido chekuchengetedza zviyero chinoenderana zvikuru kana nyika inogona kukura hupfumi hwayo kunze kwechikwereti kana kuti mutero vayo vagari vakakwana kuti vadzidzise.

Hewa nzira nhatu dzekutarisana nehupfumi hwemasangano :

• Kutenga - Nyika dzinogona kuwedzera kushandiswa mune tarisiro yekusimudzira kuwedzera kwemari. Ikuwedzera kwehuwandu yehuwandu inowedzera GDP uye inoderedza chikwereti se peresenti yeGDP uye inoita kuti iwedzere kugadziriswa. Zvechokwadi, kukundikana kuwedzera kukura kunogona kutungamirira kune chikwereti chakawedzerwa, asi hurumende yekushandisa haisi iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kwemhando yekushandisa.
• Austerity - Austerity measures inosanganisira kuderedza kushandiswa kwehurumende. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuderedzwa nokukurumidza mune chikwereti munguva yemberi, zvinoreva kuti chikwereti sepureji yeGDP ichaderera, kana GDP ikaramba yakasimba. Ichokwadi, dambudziko iri apa nderokuti kusagadzikana kunowanzova nemigumisiro yakasiyana yekuderedza kukura kwehuwandu pane nguva.

• Mitero - Kurera mitero kunogona kubatsira gungwa kumari yehurumende, asi vanokonzera kubhadhara vateresi nemakambani anoshandisa munyika. Kusiyana neizvi, kuderedza mitero kunogona kuva nzira yekusimudzira kukura nekukurudzira kushandiswa kwemari pachedu nekutsvaga mari.

The Keynes vs. Hayek Mhirizhonga

John Maynard Keynes naFriedrich Hayek vaiva vaviri vezvematongerwo enyika vane mukurumbira uye maonero akasiyana pamusoro pekugadzirisa chirwere chinotyisa chinotungamirira kumabhadharo emari. Kutaura zvazviri, kukakavadzana pakati pevaviri vezvematongerwo enyika kwaive kwakakurumbira nokuda kwekunge kunetseka uye kusingaregi.

Zvinyorwa zvakarongedza kuti hurumende dzinofanira kupindira kuti dzibatsire kudzosa kushanda kushanda kushanda kuburikidza nekushandura hupfumi nemamwe mapurogiramu. Kana vanhu ava vaizoshanda, kuwedzera kweGDP yaizosimudzira uye chikwereti sezvo chikamu cheGDP chaizoderedzwa. Matarisiro ekuwedzera kwemazuva akawanda aizowedzerawo mari yekuita mapurojekiti iye zvino zviri nyore.

Hayek akatsigira kuti mapurogiramu aya aizongomhanyira zuva rekuverenga. Pane kudaro, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yakataura kuti hurumende inofanira kunge inoderedza kushandiswa kwemari uye mitero kuitira kuti iwane nzvimbo yemisika dzisina maturo kusarudza nzira yakarurama yekuita. Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvinogona kureva kushandiswa kwemashoko munguva shomanana, zvinenge zvakaenzana nehutano hwakanaka hwemakore akawanda.

Key Takeaway Points

• Maitiro ehutachiona ari kupedza kupeta uye zvimwe zvirongwa zvinoshandiswa kuitira kuti kuderedze kushandiswa uye kubhadhara chikwereti chakakosha.
• Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa nehutano hwehupfumi huzhinji huri hukuru, kurova zvizhinji kupfuura hupfumi hwenyika yose.
• Pane nharo inoramba ichienderera mberi pamusoro pekuti kana zvikwereti zviyero ndeipi nzira yakanakisisa yekubuda mune chikwereti, nekushandisa kushandisa imwe sarudzo.