Financial Crisis of 2008
Pakutanga, zvaiita sokuti dambudziko rezvemari ra2008 rakanga rakafanana neKubhadhara uye Mhosva Yenhanho muna 1987.
Zvose izvi zvakakonzerwa nekunyengera. Imwe kambani yemakambani Ameriquest yakashandisa $ 20 mamiriyoni ekumanikidzira mitemo muGeorgia, New Jersey, nedzimwe nyika. Yakatsvaga kurega mitemo yakachengetedza vakweretwa kubva kutora zvikwereti zvisingakwanisi kuwana. Ameriquest akatongerwa kubhadhara chikwereti.
Ameriquest akanga asiri oga. Mabhengi akawanda aibatanidzwa mukurambidza mabasa. Izvi zvaisanganisira Citigroup, Countrywide, uye kunyange Mortgage Bankers Association. Kunyengera kunoreva kuti makambani ekubhadhara mari aive akawanda kupfuura kungova nemakaro kana kunyangwe asina hanya, vakanga vasina tsika.
Zvose izvi zvakadzika midzi yakaipa. Asi subprime mortgage crisis yakawedzerwa nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisiri pamutemo. Mabhangi akashandisa kukosha kwezvikwereti zvekutengesa kugadzira chigadzirwa chitsva chinonzi kubhadhara mari-backed security . Yakatengesa zvakabva kune vatyairi. Izvozvo zvakazvipa mari yekubhadhara zvitsva zvitsva.
Mabhanki akakurumidza kuona kuti vaigona kuita mari yakawanda kubva kune zvigadzirwa kunze kwekukweretesa kwepasi.
Vakatengesa zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvokuti vaida kubhadhara zvikwereti zvekare. Vakaderedza mari yavo yekukweretesa kuitira kuchengetedza kubhadhara mari.
Zvose zvakafamba zvakanaka kusvikira mutengo wemusha wakawira. Apo izvo zvakaitika, kukosha kwezviwanikwa zvakaderera. Nenguva isipi, munhu wese aida kubudisa zvinyorwa zvavo.
Yakabata hedge funds, pension funds, uye mutual funds. Derivatives yakashandura dambudziko re subprime mu-system-wide yemari dambudziko .
Hurumende yehurumende yakakonzera mamiriyoni emadhora muupfumi kuitira kuti mari yebhangi irege kuputsika . Izvo zvaisanganisira $ 700 biliyoni bhailout pakapiwa neCongress muna 2008, iyo inenge madhora mazana maviri emadhora mabhiriyoni eFederal Reserve yakashandisa kubhadhara Bear Stearns neAIG , uye $ 150 mabhiriyoni iyo Dhipatimendi reMari yeHurumende yakashandisa kutora Fannie Mae naFreddie Mac .
Nguva Yenguva Yakaremba Kutarisira Matambudziko
Muna 1997, imwe yenyika yakawanda yemari yakadzika yakavhara. Yakanga iine mari mune dzimwe nyika. Vakaderera apo vatengesi vakavhunduka uye vakatengesa zvinhu kuChishanu. LTCM yaive ne $ 126 biliyoni mune zvinhu izvi. Mabhengi akaibhadhara kunze kweSweden Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan akanganisa maoko avo.
Kuponesa uye Kuda Mari
Mune Dambudziko Rokuchengetedza uye Mari Yenhepfenyuro mashanu veSenatori veUnited States, inozivikanwa seKeating Five, yakatsvakurudzwa neSeneate Ethics Committee yekuita zvisina kunaka. Vakanga vagamuchira $ 1.5 mamiriyoni mumipiro yemishandirapamwe kubva kuna Charles Keating, mutungamiriri weLincoln Savings uye Loan Association. Vakanga vaisawo kuomanikidza Federal Federal Loan Banking Board, uyo aive achitsvakurudza mabasa anokonzera mhosva muLincoln.
Mukupera kwema1980, bhanhire rinopfuura 1 000 rakakundikana semubairo weKubvumira uye Kwereta Mari. Mari yose yekugadzirisa dambudziko iri $ 153 mabhiriyoni, kudonhorera mubhakete kunofananidzwa nematambudziko e2008. Pamusoro peizvi, mubhadhari aingova hokore ye $ 124 mabhiriyoni. Panzvimbo pokutora uri mumabhangi, mari yacho yakashandiswa kuvhara iyo, kuripa inshuwarheni ye Federal Federal Insurance Corporation uye kubhadhara zvimwe zvikwereti. Pamusoro peizvi, muteresi wairema waiva $ 124 mabhiriyoni.
Great Depression of 1929
Kwemazuva mana ekuputsika kwemusika wekutengeswa kwegore ra1929 , mushamba wekutengesera wakaderera 25 muzana. Munguva iyoyo, rekodhi $ 30 mabhiriyoni mumutengo wemari yakarasika. Izvi zvinokwana $ 396 mabhiriyoni nhasi.
Mumwedzi gumi yakatevera, mabhenji 744 akakundikana. Sezvo vashandi vakamhanyira kundotora mari yavo, mamwe mabhanga akakundikana. Pakanga pasina FDIC kubhadhara mari.
Mumakore matatu chete, $ 140 mabhiriyoni akarasika ($ 2.3 triliyoni nhasi).
Kuparara kwemahombekiti emabhizimisi uye kukundikana kwebhangi kwakanga kusiri zvinhu zvakanyanya kuipa pamusoro peKudzvinyirira . IFederal Reserve yakasimudza chikwereti chekuda , ichiedza kudzivirira chiyero chegoridhe . Somugumisiro, mutengo wegoridhe wakakura sezvo varimi vakatiza mumusika wekutengeswa uye vanoisa mari yekutengesa kukosha kwayo mugoridhe.
Nokukwira kudyidzana kwemari, Fed yakaderedza hupfumi. Somugumisiro, mabhizimisi akavharwa. Ushaiwe hwakasimuka kusvika pa25 muzana, mubhadharo wakakanda 42 muzana, uye chibereko chakakomba chemhuri chakagurwa hafu. Zvakatora makore gumi uye kutanga kweHondo Yenyika II mberi kwehupfumi hwakadzoka kumakumbo ayo.