Sunni - Shiite Split Yakatsanangurwa

Icho Chikonzero Chaicho cheMiddle East Makakatanwa

Masimba makuru maviri eMiddle East ndeye Saudi Arabia, chizvarwa cheArabhu chinotungamirirwa nehuwandu hwevaSunni, uye Iran, nzvimbo yePersia inotongwa nehuwandu hweShia. Zuva reSunni-Shiite rinomiririrwa sechitendero. Ndiwo hondo yezvehupfumi pakati peEraa neAradi Arabia pamusoro pevaya vanozobata Mutsetse weHormuz, umo 20 muzana yemafuta epasi inopfuura.

Kuparadzana Kwakaita Sei Mukatikati eMiddle East Nhasi

Zvinenge zvose (85 muzana) yevaMuslim ndeSunnis.

Ndivo vazhinji muSaudi Arabia, Egypt, Yemen, Pakistan, Indonesia, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, uye Tunisia. Shiites ndivo vazhinji muIrish neIraq. Vane zvikwata zvishomanana muYemen, Bahrain, Siria, Lebanon, neAzerbaijan.

IUnited States inowanzobatana pachayo neveSunni-inotungamirirwa nenyika. Izvozvo ndezvokuti 40 muzana yemafuta ayo anotengeswa anopfuura achipfuura muStrait. Zvisinei, yakabatana nevaShiites muhondo yeIraq kuparadza Saddam Hussein.

Ndiani Ndiani

Saudia Arabia - Yakabatwa nemhuri yeumambo yeSunni fundamentalists. Sangano reU.S. uye guru rekutengeserana nemafuta, mutungamiriri weOOPEC . Muna 1700, Muhammad ibn Saud (nheyo yemhuri yevaSadia), akabatana nemutungamiri wechitendero Abd al-Wahhab kuti abatanise marudzi ose eArabia. Mushure mekunge vaShiites vatora simba muIran muna 1979, vaSaid vakasimudza misangano yeHaah-yepamusoro uye zvikoro zvechitendero kuMiddle East yose. Wahabism ibazi re ultra-rekuchengetedza reSunni Islam, uye chitendero chehurumende cheSaudi Arabia.

(Chinyorwa: " Islam: Sunnis uye Shias ," Congressional Research Service, January 28, 2009.)

Iran - Yakakonzerwa naShia inonyoresa, ine 9% chete Sunni. Ndiyo yechina yepamusoro muiri wemafuta. IUnited States yakatsigira iyo Shah yaive isiri-fundamentalist Shia. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni akakunda iyo Shah muna 1979.

Ayatollah ndiye Mutungamiriri Mukuru weIran. Anotungamirira vatungamiri vose vakasarudzwa. Akatonga umambo hweSaudi semuori wepamutemo unopindura kuWashington, DC, kwete Mwari. Muna 2006, United States yakabvunza United Nations Security Council kuti ipe mitongo kuIran kana ikasabvumirana kusimamisa uranium enrichment. Dambudziko rezvemari rakakonzera rakaita kuti Iran isimise kuve nekugadzirisa mukutsinhana kwekununurwa kubva pamitemo.

Irak - Yakadzingwa ne 63 kubva muzana Shia yakawanda mushure meUnited States yakaparadza mutungamiri weSunni Saddam Hussein. Izvi zvakashandura chikamu chemasimba kuMiddle East. VaShia vakasimbisazve kubatana kwavo neIran neSiriya. Kunyange zvazvo United States yakaparadza vatungamiri veAl-Qaida, vapanduki veSunni vakava boka reIslamic State. MunaJune 2014, vakagadzira chikamu chikuru chekumadokero kweIraq kusanganisira Mosul. Kubva munaJanuary 2015, vakatonga vanhu vane mamiriyoni gumi. Pakazosvika December 2016, vakarasikirwa ne16 muzana yenyika yavakabata uye vakangotungamirira vanhu mamiriyoni matanhatu. Iran inotsigira vazhinji veShia vachirwisana neSunni Islamic State boka.

Siria - Yakasungwa ne13 muzana Shia vashoma. Vakabatana neShia-vakatonga Iran neIraq. Inotora zvombo kubva kuIran kusvika kuHezbollah muRebhanoni. Kutambudza Sunni vashoma, vamwe vavo vari neboka reIslamic State.

United States uye nyika dzakavakidzana neSunni dzinodzokera kuSunni, kwete yeIslam yeboka revapanduki. Sangano reIslamic State rinodzorawo zvikamu zvakakura zveSiria, kusanganisira Raqqa.

Rebhanoni - Yakanyorwa pamwe chete nevaKristu (39 muzana), Sunni (22 muzana), uye Shia (36 muzana). Hondo yevagari ve1975 kusvika muna990 yakabvumira vaviri veIsraeri kupinda. Basa reIsrayeri neSiria rakateverwa kwemakumi maviri emakore anotevera. Kuvakwazve kwakadzorerwa shure muna 2006 apo Hezbollah neIsraeri vakarwa muRebhanoni. Muna 2017, gurukota guru reSaudi rakasimuka nekuda kweHezbollah.

Ijipiti - Yakatumirwa ne90 muzana Sunni majority. Inotambudza vaKristu neShias. Arab Spring muna 2011 akaiswa Hosni Mubarak. VaMuslim Brotherhood vakatsvaga Mohammed Morsi vakasarudzwa mutungamiri wenyika muna 2012, asi akaiswa muna 2013. Mutoja weEgypt wakatonga kusvikira wevaimbova mukuru weuto Abdul Fattah al-Sisi akakunda 2014 sarudzo.

MunaNovember 2016, International Monetary Fund yakagamuchira chikwereti chemadhora mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri ekubatsira Egipita kubata nematambudziko emari.

Jordani - Umambo hwakatongwa ne 92 muzana Sunni huwandu. Pakati pe55-70 muzana yevanhu vemuPalestina. Iye zvino ari kutarisana nevaSiria vapoteri veSyria, avo vanogona kuunza hondo kuJorodhani kana vakadzingwa nevaShiites vachida kutsiva.

Turkey - Huwandu hweSunni hunotonga bhosin pamusoro peShiite vashoma (15 muzana). Asi vaShiites vanonetseka kuti Prime Prime Minister weTurkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan iri kuve yakanyanya kukoshesa seSaudi Arabia.

Bahrain - Sunni vashoma (30 muzana), yakatsigirwa neSaudi Arabia neUnited States, inotonga Shia huwandu. Ndiyo nheyo yeUnited States Navy Fifth Fleet, iyo inochengetedza Strait of Hormuz.

Afghanistan, Libya, Kuwait, Pakistan, Qatar, Yemen - Sunni huwandu hwemitemo yeShia zvishoma. Iran inotsigira Shia Houthi muYemen.

Israeri - Vazhinji vechiJudha (75 muzana) vanotonga Sunni vashoma (17.4 muzana).

Sunni-Shia Split uye Ugandanga

Zvikamu zveSundamentalist zveSunni neShiites zvinokurudzira hugandanga. Vanotenda mu jihad. Iyoyo hondo yakachena yakaitwa kunze kwekunze (kurwisana nevanopidhi) uye mukati (kurwisana neutano husina hanya).

Sangano reIslamic State - Sunnis rakatsvaga munda muIraq, Lebanon, neSiria. Vanoita mari nokutengesa mafuta asina mari ku "nyika" yavo. Yakabva kuAl Qaida muIraq. Inzwa kuti vane kodzero yekuponda kana kusunga vose vasina Sunni. Vakapikiswa nemutungamiri weSiriya (Assad, uyo anotsigirwa neRussia), uye neKurds muIraq, Turkey, neSiria.

al-Qaida - Sunni. Unoda kuchinja hurumende dzisiri dzezvidzidzo nehurumende dzechitendero zvechiIslam zvinodzorwa nemutemo wechitendero (sharia). Kutenda Shiites vanoda kuparadza Islam nekudzorerazve Umambo hwePezhiya. Kudzorera Palestine kuburikidza nekubvisa Israeri kunoonekwa sechinhu chitsvene. Anoshora avo vasingabvumirani neSunni dzakatenderera dzidziso. Vakakundwa neUnited States musi waSeptember 11, 2017 .

Hamas - Sunni Palestinians. Chinangwa chokubvisa Israeri nekudzorera nyika yePalestine. Iran inotsigira iyo.

Hezbollah - Iran-yakatsigirwa neShiite defender muRebhanoni. Iye zvino anonakidza kunyange kune Sunnis nokuti yakarova Israeri kurwiswa muRebhanoni muna 2000. Yakaunzawo kubudirira rocket kurwisana neHaifa nemamwe maguta. Munguva pfupi yapfuura vakatumira varwi kuSiria vachitsigirwa kubva kuIran. Al-Qaida inoshungurudza iyo ichadzorera Umambo hwePersia.

Muslim Brotherhood - Sunni. Predominant muEgipita neJoridhani. Yakagadzwa muEgypt muna 1928 na Hasan al-Banna kukurudzira kushamwaridzana, kufara uye kuparadzira kutenda. Yakakura ikave sangano remaambura emapoka echiIslam muSiriya, Sudan, Jordan, Kuwaiti, Yemen, Libya neIraq.

Sunni-Shia Split uye Nationalism

Zuva reSunni-Shia rakakanganiswa nekukakavadzana kwenyika pakati peMiddle East nyika. MaArabhu anobva kuUtoman Empire (15th - 20th century) apo Iran inobva kuPersia Umambo (1600).

Arabia Sunnis inonetseka kuti vaPersian Shiites vari kuvaka Shiite Crescent kuburikidza neIran, Iraq neSiria. Vanoona izvi sekudzokazve kweSaafafa mazita emumambo wePezhiya. Ndiyo apo vaShiites vakarangana kuzomutsa mutongi wePezhiya kutonga kuMiddle East uyezve pasi. Iro "Sassanian-Safavid rangano" rinoreva maboka maviri. VaSassan vakanga vari dzinza risati ravaIslam. VaSafavids vaiva nhengo dzechiShiite dzaitonga Iran uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzeIraq kubva muna 1501 kusvika muna 1736. Kunyange zvazvo Shiites munyika dzeArabhu vanozvibatanidza ivo neIrish, havavimbi nevaPersia. (Chinyorwa: "Shia-Sunni Split," BBC. "Basa reUnited States muSunni-Shi'ite Conflict," Gatestone Institute, May 17, 2013.)

Sunni-Shia Split uye US Kubatanidzwa kuMiddle East Wars

IUnited States inogamuchira 20 muzana yemafuta ayo kubva kuMiddle East. Izvo zvinoita kuti nzvimbo yehupfumi inokosha. Sezvo simba rose renyika, United States ine chikamu chakanaka kuMiddle East chekudzivirira kuGulf migwara yemafuta. Pakazosvika 1976 kusvika muna7, United States yakashandisa $ 8 triloni kuita izvozvi. Kuvimba kwakadaro kwakaderera sezvinonzi mafuta ekuzora anogadzirwa mukati, uye kuvimba nezvinhu zvinowanzogadzirwa zvinowedzera. Kunyange zvakadaro, America inofanira kuchengetedza zvido zvayo, vashandi pamwe nevashandi vayo vanogara munzvimbo iyi. (Inobva: " United States Dhauriro yeKushandiswa kweMasoja muPersian Gulf ," Princeton University, January 7, 2010.)

Mhedziso Pfupfupi yeHondo dzeUnited States kuMiddle East:

Iran Inoshandura Matambudziko - Ichitevera 1979 kuchinja, United States yakabvumira kuti Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi akaiswa munyika kuti awane kurapwa. Kuti aratidze, Ayatollah yakaita kuti Embassy yeUnited States iwedzere. Vanhu makumi mapfumbamwe vakatapwa, kusanganisira 62 veAmerica. Mushure mekukundikana kwekuponeswa kwemauto, United States yakabvuma kusunungura zvinhu zveH Shah kuti isunungure mauto. (Chinobva: "Iran Dambudziko Rokukunda Nhoroondo Dzakanyanya," CNN, March 17, 2014.)

Hondo yeIran-Iraq (1980-1988) - Iran yakarwisana hondo neIraq yakaita kuti kupesana pakati peUnited States Navy neIranian mauto ehondo pakati pe 1987 ne1988. United States yakasarudza Iran sehurumende inotsigira hugandanga mukusimudzira Hezbollah muRebhanoni. Pasinei neizvi, United States yakabhadhara mari yeNicaraguan "inopesana" kupandukira hurumende yeSandinista nokutengesa muchivande maoko kuIran. Izvi zvakagadzira Iran-Contra Scandal muna 1986, inofungidzira Reagan Administration mumabasa asina kukodzera.

Gulf War - Muna 1990, Iraq yakakwira Kuwaiti. IUnited States yakatungamirira mauto kusunungura Kuwait muna 1991.

Afghanistan Hondo - United States yakabvisa maTaliban kubva pamasimba ekuchengetedza Osama bin Laden uye al-Qaida.

Iraq War (2003 - 2011) - United States yakapinda muIraq uye yakatsiva mutungamiri weSunni Saddam Hussein nemutungamiri wechiShiite. Mutungamiri Obama akabvisa mauto anoshingaira mubasa ra2011. Yakagadziridza maarorikiti muna 2014 apo boka reIslamic State rakagura musoro vatori venhau vaviri veAmerica.

Arabhu Spring - Kuzvikudza kwevanhu vakanga vakaneta nehuwandu hwemabasa uye hurumende dzinodzvinyirira. Vakadana democracy.

Syrian Conflict - Kutanga muna 2011 kuparadza Bashar al-Assad sechikamu chehurumende yeArab Spring.

Nhoroondo

Zuva reSunni-Shite rakaitika muna 632 AD apo muporofita Muhammad akafa. Sunnis aidavira kuti mutungamiri mutsva anofanira kusarudzwa, uye akasarudza mazano a Muhammad, Abu Bakr. "Sunni" muchiArabic zvinoreva "uyo anotevera tsika dzeMuporofita."

VaShiites vaidavira kuti mutungamiri mutsva anofanira kunge aiva muzukuru waMu Muhammad / mukwasha wake, Ali bin Abu Talib. Somugumisiro, vaShiites vane ma Imam avo, avo vanoona sevatsvene. Vanofunga kuti Imani yavo ndeyevatungamiriri vechokwadi, kwete nyika. "Shia" inobva "Shia-t-Ali," kana kuti "Party ye Ali."

VaSunni nevaShiite VaMuslim vane zvitendero zvizhinji zvakafanana. Vanosimbisa kuti Allah ndiye Mwari wechokwadi wechokwadi, uye kuti Muhammed ndiye muporofita wake. Vanoverenga Korani, uye vanonamatira kune shanu shanu dzinotevera dzeIslam.

1. Sawm - Kufara panguva yeRamadan (gore rechipfumbamwe rakatenderera mumararamiro echiIslam).
2. Hajj - Kufambisa kuenda kuMakkah, Saudi Arabia, kamwechete kamwe.
3. Shahada - Pledge the faith.
4. Salat - Nyengetera.
5. Zakat - Ipai rudo kune varombo.