Petrodollars uye Sangano Rakazvisika

Will Petrodollar Collapse?

Iko petrodollar chero ipi zvayo yeAmerica inobhadharwa kumafuta-nyika dzinotumira kune imwe nyika kuchinjana mafuta. Sezvo dhora iri mari yepasi rese , kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda kunotengeswa mumadhora. Somugumisiro, nyika dzinotengeswa nemafuta dzinofanira kuwana mari. Izvozvo zvinoita kuti nyika yavo inowanikwa mari inotarisirwa nehuwandu hwemadhora . Kana ikawa, ndizvo zvinoitwa nehurumende.

Somugumisiro, vazhinji vekutengeserana kweAmerica vanogadzirawo mari yavo kudhora.

Nenzira iyo, kana kukosha kwedhora kunowira, ndizvo zvakaita mutengo wezvinhu zvavo zvose zvepamba uye mabasa. Iko kunobatsira nyika idzi kudzivisa kupindirana kwakanyanya mukuderera kwezvinhu kana kuputsika .

Kuuya Collapse yePetrodollar?

IUnited States inoshandisa simba re petrodollars kuti rishandise mutemo wayo kune dzimwe nyika. Asi nyika dzakawanda hazvidzivirire. Vanotya kuti zvinoreva kuparara kwe petrodollar.

Semuenzaniso, United States yakarambidza Iran nekuda kwekumisa kushandiswa kwayo kwezvombo zvombo zvenyukireya. Saizvozvowo, yakakunda Russia nekutengeserana kwekutengeserana kwekupinda muCrimea nekugadzira dambudziko muUkraine . Somugumisiro, nyika idzi dzakasayira yekutengeserana kwemakore mashanu kune imwe neimwe inokwana $ 20 biliyoni. Zvinonzwisisika, haisi mari muudhora, uye inosanganisira kutengesa mafuta eIrish.

Venezuela uye Iran zvakare vakasaina zvibvumirano zvemafuta mumari yavo pane nzvimbo yefoddollars. China yakadana kubhadhara mari yeAmerica semari yepasi rose.

Zvinotoshamisa ndezvekuti kune imwe yenyika huru kune vamwe vatorwa vemadhora. China inokonzera dhora reUnited States kuburikidza nokuchera mari yayo, yuan, kwairi.

Ko uku kukwikwidza kunotyisa kudhora kunokonzera kuwa here? Aiwa, kwete kwete kwenguva yemberi iri pedyo. Izvozvo ndezvokuti hapana imwe nzira yakanaka. I Euro ndiyo yechipiri-yakapararira mari.

Yakarwiswa kubva mukati, nekuda kwekutambudzika kweEurozone .

Petrodollar System

Iyo petrodollar system yakatanga musangano weBretton Woods muna 1944 . Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, United States yakachengetedza huwandu hwenyika yegoridhe. Yakabvumirana kudzikinura chero mari yeUnited States nokuda kwehuwandu hwayo mugoridhe kana dzimwe nyika dzese dzichiisa mari yavo kudhora. Izvo zvakagadzirisa dhora seyo nyika inotarirwa mari.

Musi waFebruary 14, 1945, Mutungamiri Roosevelt akaita sangano neSaudi Arabia. Akaonana naSaudi Mambo Abd al-Aziz. IUnited States yakavaka nhandare yemhepo kuDhahran mukudzoka kwemauto nebhizimisi. Kubatana kwakasara kusiyana kwemaonero pamusoro pemhirizhonga yeArabhu neIsrael.

Zvinotora chimwe chibvumirano chepasi rose kuti chigadzirise dhora nechinhu chimwewo. Vanhu vazhinji vave vachida kubvunza mubvunzo uyu, " Ko US Dollar ichadarika here? "

Muna 1971, kuwedzera kweUnited States kwakaita kuti United Kingdom idzikinure mari yakawanda yeUnited States yegoridhe. Mutungamiri Nixon akatora dhora iri kubva patafura yegoridhe yekuchengetedza zvakachengetedzwa zvegoridhe. Somugumisiro, kukosha kwedhora kwakapera. Asi maererano nenyaya yehutenderedzwa yegoridhe , kushandiswa kwegoridhe kuregererwa kwakashandiswa kukurudzira kuwedzera kwehupfumi kweUnited States nedzimwe nyika.

Kunyange zvakadaro, izvo zvinokuvadza Sangano rePetroleum Exporting Countries. Izvi zvaive nokuti zvibvumirano zvavo zve mafuta zvaive zvakatengwa muUS $. Mari yavo yemari inowira pamwe chete nedhora. Mari yekutengeswa, yakarongerwa mune dzimwe mari, yakawedzera.

Muna 1973, Nixon akakumbira Congress kuti vabatsirwe neuto kuIsrael muYom Kippur War. OPEC yakamisa huwandu hwemafuta kune dzimwe nyika kuUnited States nevamwe vese vemuIsraeli. IOOPEC mafuta embargo yakawedzera mutengo wamafuta mumwedzi mitanhatu. Mitengo yakaramba yakakwirira kunyange mushure mokunge mararamiro apera.

Petrodollar Recycling

Muna 29179, United States neArabia Arabia vakataurirana neUnited States-Saudi Arabia Joint Commission ye Economic Economic Cooperation. Vakabvumirana kushandisa madhora eAmerica kuburikidza nekubhadhara maikoroti emafuta. Mari yeUnited States inogona kudzorerwa zvakare kuAmerica kuburikidza nezvibvumirano nevasangano veUnited States.

Kubvira ipapo, nyika-mairi-kutumira nyika yakave yakanyanyisa. Iye zvino vanocherazve petrodollars yavo kuburikidza nehupfumi hwehupfumi . Vanoshandisa mari iyi kuti vashandise mune zvisiri zvemabhizimisi zvakabatana. Nharo kubva pamabhizimisi aya anoita kuti vasaderedze pamatengo emafuta. Pano ndiyo yakawanda yenyika inonzi petrodollar recyclers inotarirwa nezvinhu muna 2017:

1. Norway Government Pension Fund - $ 1.032 trillion.
2. UAE Abu Dhabi Investment Authority - $ 828 mabhiriyoni.
3. Kuwait Investment Authority - $ 524 mabhiriyoni.
4. Saudi Arabia SAMA - $ 494 mabhiriyoni.
5. Qatar Authority Investment - $ 320 biliyoni.
6. Saudi Arabia Public Investment Fund - $ 223.9 mabhiriyoni.
7. UAE Abu Dhabi Mubadala Investment Company - $ 125 biliyoni.
8. UAE Abu Dhabi Investment Council - $ 123 mabhiriyoni.
9. National Development Fund yeIranese - $ 91 bhiriyoni.
10. Russia National Welfare Fund - $ 66.3 mabhiriyoni.
11. Libyan Investment Authority - $ 66 biliyoni.
12. Alaska Permanent Fund - $ 61.5 biliyoni.
13. Kazakhstan Samruk-Kazyna JSC - $ 60.9 bhiriyoni.
14. Kazakhstan National Fund - $ 57.9 bhiriyoni.
15. Brunei Investment Agency - $ 40 biliyoni.
16. Texas Permanent School Chikoro - $ 37.7 mabhiriyoni.
17. UAE Emirates Investment Authority - $ 34 mabhiriyoni.
18. Azerbaijan State Oil Fund - $ 33.1 mabhiriyoni.

Apo Petrodollars Go

A 2006 US Treasury Report yakaratidza kuti kuwedzera kwemafuta emafuta kwakagadzira $ 1.3 triliyoni muzvikwereti kune nyika dzeOPEC kubvira muna 1998. Mari inoshandiswa nehuwandu pakuwedzerwa kune dzimwe nyika , kuwedzera mibairo yevashandi vehurumende, kuwedzera mari, uye kubhadhara chikwereti. Nyika dzinogadzira mafuta dzakashandisa mari iyi kuti ipe chikwata chokudzokera kumashure. Vakadzidzawo kubva mukuderera kwegore ra1998 apo kuda kwemafuta kwakawa uye mitengo yakaderera. Izvo zviito zvakabatsira kuderedza kusagadzikana muhupfumi hwavo uye muhupfumi hwepasi rese.

Kusvika makumi manomwe kubva muzana emadhora mazana manomwe emadhora mabhiriyoni emadhora anosvika makumi maviri emadhora eOOPEC anochengetedza mari isingagoni kuverengwa neBloof International Settlements. I-BIS inongorondedzera nhengo dzeOOPEC, kuitira kuti mari isiri yeOOPEC isingabatsiriwo. Imari yeHurumende yakati nyika dzinotengesa mairi dzinotenga madhora madhora makumi manomwe nemamiriyoni makumi maviri emadhora eUnited States. Kubva pane mamwe mashoko, vanofungidzira kuti zvisingabatsiri-zvemari zvakabhadharwa mune zvikwereti zvekuvaka, misika yematengesi ematokari, mari yemari yega , uye hedge funds . Imwe mari isingazikamwi ingadai yakasimwa muhupfumi hweUnited States kuburikidza nedzimwe nyika dzekune dzimwe nyika, dzisingatarisirwi.

Izvi zvakavanzwa petrodollars zvinowedzera pasi rose kusagadzikana. Izvo zvakakonzerwa nehukuru hwavo hwe $ 400 mabhiriyoni. Kana iri muUnited States Treasurys , kubviswa kwehukuru ihwohwo kunogona kukonzera zvose kuderera muudhora nemari yepamusoro yemari . Zvichida hazvizoitiki, sezvo United States ichine imwe yevashandi veOOPEC vanonyanya kukosha.