Yokutanga Global Trade Agreement Yakatiponesa Kubva Kuora Mwoyo
Chinangwa
Chinangwa cheGATT chaiva kubvisa kushandiswa kwekutengeserana kwekutengesa . Izvo zvakanga zvatuma kutengeserana kwepasi rose pasi 65 muzana munguva yekudengenyeka kukuru . Nokubvisa mitero , GATT yakasimudzira marudzi ekutengeserana .
Yakadzorera hutano hwehupfumi kunyika shure kwekuparadzwa kweHondo Yenyika II.
Zvitatu Zvimwe
GATT yakanga ine zvinhu zvitatu zvakakura. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti nhengo imwe neimwe inofanira kupa hukuru hwemamiriro emarudzi kune imwe nhengo imwe neimwe. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti nhengo dzose dzinofanira kutarisirwa zvakaenzana kana zvasvika pamitengo. Izvo zvisingabatanidzi mutero unokosha pakati pemiti yeBritain Commonwealth nemanyano emitemo. Yakabvumira kutengesa kana kubviswa kwavo kwaizokuvadza zvakakomba kuvarimi veminda.
Chechipiri, GATT inorambidzwa kudziviswa pamutengo wezvokutengeserana uye zvekutengeserana . Izvo zvakasara zvaiva:
- Apo hurumende yaive nezvakawanda zvezvirimwa zvemari.
- Kana nyika ichida kuchengetedza chikamu chekubhadhara nokuti iyo yekunze mari yekunze yaive yakaderera.
- Nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzaidiwa kudzivirira mashizha matsva.
Mukuwedzera, nyika dzaigona kurega kushandiswa kwezvikonzero zvekuchengeteka kwenyika. Izvi zvaisanganisira kuchengetedza kodzero dzekodzero, kodzero dzekodzero uye tsika dzevanhu.
Rutsigiro rwechitatu rwakawedzerwa muna 1965. Izvozvi ndechokuti dzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakabatana neGATT, uye dzaida kuvakurudzira. Nyika dzakagadziriswa dzakabvumirwa kubvisa mitero yekutengeswa kwenyika dzichiri kusimukira kusimbisa hupfumi hwavo. Yakanga iriwo mune dzimwe nyika dzakasimba 'zvakanakisisa mukufamba kwenguva.
Izvi ndizvo zvinowedzera nhamba yevashandi vepakati-pasi munyika yose.
Nhoroondo
GATT yakakura kubva muchibvumirano cheBretton Woods . Dare reBretton Woods rakasimbisawo World Bank uye International Monetary Fund kurongedza kukura kwenyika yose.
Musangano wacho wakatosvika wakatungamirira kusangano rechitatu, zvakare. Yakanga iri iyo yekuda zvikuru International Trade Organization. Idzi nyika makumi mashanu dzakatanga kutaurirana dzaida kuti dzive sangano mukati memubatanidzwa weUnited Nations raizoita mitemo, kwete kungoita zvekutengeserana, asiwo basa, zvigadzirwa zvekutengeserana, mabhizinesi maitiro, kushandiswa kwenyika kune dzimwe nyika uye mabasa. Sangano reIYO rakagamuchirwa muna March 1948, asi US Congress nevamwe vezvematongerwo enyika vakaramba kuibvuma. Muna 1950, hutungamiri hweTruman hwakaratidza kukunda, kugumisa ITO.
Panguva imwecheteyo, nyika gumi nemashanu dzakatarira pakukurukurirana chibvumirano chakanaka chebhizimisi. Vakabvumirana pakurambidza zvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi zvinokonzera $ 10 bhiriyoni zvebhizimisi, kana chechishanu chenyika yose. Pasi pezita rokuti GATT, nyika 23 dzakasaina chibvumirano musi waOctober 30, 1947. Yakashandiswa musi waJune 30 1948. GATT haina kuda kubvumirwa neCongress. Ndizvo zvaive chibvumirano chechibvumirano pasi pezvigadzirwa zve US Reciprocal Trade Act muna 1934.
Yakanga ichitarisirwa kuva yenguva duku kusvikira ITO ikatsiva iyo.
Mumakore ose aya, kutenderera mberi kwekutaurirana kwezveGATT kwakapfuurira. Chinangwa chikuru chaiva kupfuurira kuderedza mitengo. Mumakore ekuma1960, gore reKennedy rakawedzera Chibvumirano cheAn Anti- Dumping Agreement. ITokyo dzakapoteredza mumakore makumi manomwe dzakagadzirisa zvimwe zviitiko zvebhizimisi. Nyika yeUrussia yakatangira kubva muna 1986 kusvika muna 1994 uye yakagadzira World Trade Organization.
GATT uye WTO
GATT inorarama senheyo yeWTO. Chibvumirano che1947 pachako chisingadiwi. Asi, zvigadziriswa zvaro zvakaiswa muchibvumirano cheGATT 1994. Izvo zvakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvichienda apo WTO iri kuiswa. Zvadaro, GATT 1994 iyo pachayo inhengo yeChipikirwa cheWTO.
Nhengo dzeNyika
Nhengo dzekutanga dzeGATT makumi maviri nemaviri dzaiva Australia, Belgium, Brazil , Burma (yava kunzi Myanmar), Canada , Ceylon, Chile, China , Cuba, Czechoslovakia (zvino yava Czech Republic neSlovakia), France, India , Lebanon, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Southern Rhodesia (zvino yava Zimbabwe), Syria, South Africa, United Kingdom uye United States.
Nhengo yacho yakawedzera kusvika kunyika 100 muna 1993.
Pros
Kwemakore 47, GATT yakaderedzwa mari. Izvi zvakasimbisa hutengesi hwepasi rose 8 muzana mugore ra1950 ne1960. Icho chakanga chichikurumidza kukunda hupfumi hwepasi rose. Shamba yakakura kubva $ 332 mabhiriyoni muna 1970 kusvika ku $ 3.7 trillion muna 1993.
Yakaonekwa sekubudirira kwakadaro zvokuti dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzaida kujoina. Pakazosvika 1995, pane nhengo 128, zvichiita zvinenge makumi mapfumbamwe zvezana zvekutengesa kwenyika.
Nokutengeserana kwekutengeserana, GATT yakasimudzira rugare rwepasi rose. mumakore zana GATT isati yasvika, nhamba yehondo yaive yakapetwa kagumi kupfuura makore makumi mashanu GATT. Hondo Yenyika II Isati yasvika, mukana wekugadzirisa hurumende huripo hwakanga huri nani zvishoma pane 50/50.
Nokuratidza kuti mashandiro ehurumende akasununguka sei, GATT yakafuridzira mamwe magwaro ekutengeserana. Yakagadzirisa danho reEuropean Union . Pasinei nezvinetso zveUnited States , zvakadzivirira hondo pakati pevanhu vayo.
GATT yakagadzirisawo kukurukurirana nekupa zvikurudzira kunyika dziduku kuti dzidze Chirungu, mutauro wemusika mukuru wevashambadzi venyika. Uku kugadziriswa kwemutauro mumwe chete kunoderedza kusanzwisisa. Yakapawo nyika shomanana dzichikwikwidzana . Chirungu chakavadzidzisa kunzwisisa nyika yakabudirira tsika, kutengesa uye zvigadzirwa zvezvigadzirwa.
Cons
Kudhura kwebhadharo kunoparadza dzimwe makambani emakambani, zvichiita kuti pave nehuwandu hwemabasa mumatunhu iwayo. Hurumende dzakabetsera mashizha akawanda kuti aite kuti vakwikwidzane pasi pose. US uye EU zvekurima zvaive mienzaniso mikuru. Mukutanga kwema1970, michina yekupfeka uye yekupfeka yakasunungurwa kubva kuGATT. Apo iyo Nixon Administration yakatora dhora reU.S. kubva pamigero yegoridhe muna 1973, yakaderedza kukosha kweiyo dollar yakaenzaniswa nedzimwe mari. Izvo zvakatowedzera kuderedza mutengo wepasi rose wekuAmerica kunze kwenyika .
Pakazosvika ma1980, mamiriro ekutengesa kwenyika ainge ashanduka. GATT haina kugadzirisa kushandiswa kwemabasa. Izvozvo zvakavabvumira kukura kudarika imwe yenyika imwechete kukwanisa kuzvitarisa. Semuenzaniso, nhepfenyuro yemari yakava nyika. Kubhadhara mari kune dzimwe nyika kwaive kwakakosha zvikuru. Somugumisiro, apo bhangi rekutsinhanisa reUnited States reLehman Brothers rakaputsika, iro rakavhundutsa hupfumi hwepasi rose. Central Bank mabheji akashanda kuti ashande pamwe chete kwekutanga kugadzirisa matambudziko emari muna 2008 . Vakatomanikidzwa kupa ruzivo rwemahombekiti emagetsi echando.
Sezvimwe zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana , GATT yakaderedza kodzero dzevanhu kuti vatonge vanhu vayo. Chibvumirano chacho chaida kuti vashandure mitemo yepamba kuti vawane mari yekubhadhara. Somuenzaniso, India yakanga yakabvumira makambani kuti aumbe zvigadzirwa zve generic zvezvinodhaka pasina kubhadhara mari yeisense. Izvi zvakabatsira vamwe vanhu kuwana mishonga. GATT inoda India kuti ibvise mutemo uyu. Izvozvo zvakasimudza mutengo wezvinodhaka kunze kwekusvika kune vaIndia vakawanda.
Zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi seGATT zvinowanzokonzera hudiki, hupfumi hwetsika . Nyika dzakadai seUnited States dzinotsigira zvirimwa zvekurima zvinogona kuisa varimi vemunharaunda vemunyika kunze kwebhizimisi. Vasingakwanisi kukwikwidzana nemari yakaderera, varimi vanoenda kumaguta vachitsvaka basa, kazhinji mune zvinyorwa zvinogadzirwa nemarudzi akawanda emakambani. Kakawanda mashizha aya anogona kutamira kune dzimwe nyika ane basa rekudhura, achisiya varimi vasingashandi.
Varimi vanogara kazhinji vanowedzera opium, coca kana marijuana, nekuda kwekuti havakwanisi kukura zvirimwa zvechigarire uye kugara mubhizimisi. Chisimba kubva mune zvekutengesa zvinodhaka chinogona kuvamanikidza kuti vaende kune dzimwe nyika kuti vadzivirire ivo nevana vavo. (Zvinyorwa: E. Kwan Choi, "Trade and the War War: Chinese and English," Iowa State University, September 2001. "CAFTA uye Inforced Migration Crisis," Eyes on Trade, September 26, 2014.)
Dzimwe Hurumende Zvibvumirano: NAFTA | TTIP | TPP | US Regional Agreements | CAFTA | FTAA | Doha